The history of muscle biopsy dates back to 1860, when Duchenne first performed a biopsy on a patient with symptoms of myopathy (1) . Since then, the basic and clinical science of muscle and muscle disease has gone through three stages of development: the classical period, the modern stage and the molecular era.
COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-COV-2 and first detected in Wuhan, China in 2019, has become one of the worst pandemics in history [1,2]. Although approximately 50% of the infected individuals are asymptomatic, some may develop severe cytokine release syndrome with intense immune response and endothelial damage [3]. Obesity, hypertension, diabetes, COPD, advanced age, and malignancy have been listed as risk factors for severe disease, hospitalization, admission in intensive care unit, and death [4,5]. Patients with hematological malignancies also have a higher risk of severe events and among all of them, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) seems to have the highest risk for death by .Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
CONTEXT: Splenic diffuse red-pulp small B-cell lymphoma is a rare disease, representing less than 1% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). This entity is characterized by involvement of bone marrow sinusoids and peripheral blood. The majority of cases are at an advanced stage when diagnosed. Its pathogenesis is still poorly understood. CASE REPORTS: We report on two patients with chronic non-replicating hepatitis B virus (HBV) who developed splenic diffuse red-pulp small B-cell lymphoma. Both of them were in stage IV at diagnosis and evolved with aggressive disease. Both of them achieved a complete response through chemotherapy, but one of them died due to infectious complications during bone marrow transplantation. The other decided not to undergo transplantation and continues not to show any evidence of disease today (three years after treatment). Some studies have shown a possible association between B-cell NHL and HBV. Nonetheless, the mechanism through which this oncogenic virus interacts with B-cell NHL is still poorly understood. HBV is lymphotropic and may insert into the host's genome, thus causing overexpression of oncogenes and downregulation of tumor suppressor genes. Therefore, chronic stimulation by HBV can increase B-cell proliferation, which promotes monoclonal expansion of these cells and results in malignancy. CONCLUSION: HBV may be implicated in the pathogenesis of this lymphoma, although no direct association between these two entities could be proved in the present study. Further investigations are necessary. RESUMO CONTEXTO:Linfoma esplênico difuso da polpa vermelha, de linfócitos B pequenos, é uma doença rara, representando menos do que 1% de todos os linfomas não Hodgkin. Essa entidade é caracterizada por envolvimento de sinusoides da medula óssea e sangue periférico. A maioria dos casos está em estádio avançado ao diagnóstico. Sua patogênese ainda é pouco compreendida. RELATOS DE CASOS:Reportamos dois pacientes com vírus da hepatite B (HBV) crônica não replicante que desenvolveram linfoma esplênico difuso da polpa vermelha, de linfócitos B pequenos. Ambos estavam em estádio IV ao diagnóstico e evoluíram com doença agressiva. Ambos alcançaram resposta completa com a quimioterapia, porém um deles evoluiu a óbito por intercorrências infecciosas durante o transplante de medula óssea e o outro optou por não realizar o transplante e encontra-se sem evidência de doença até os dias atuais (três anos após tratamento). Alguns estudos demonstraram a possível associação entre linfomas não Hodgkin B e HBV. Entretanto, o mecanismo pelo qual esse vírus oncogênico interage com linfoma não Hodgkin B ainda é pouco compreendido. HBV é linfotrópico e pode se inserir no genoma do receptor, causando superexpressão de oncogenes e downregulation de genes supressores tumorais. Portanto, o estímulo crônico pelo HBV pode aumentar a proliferação de células B, promovendo expansão monoclonal dessas células, resultando em malignidade. CONCLUSÃO: HBV pode estar implicado na patogênese desse linfoma, entretanto, u...
An 86-year-old male presented with three months of asthenia. He had a history of a vocal cord neoplasm eight years previously, which had been treated with radiotherapy. Physical examination showed only mucocutaneous pallor. Laboratory tests showed haemoglobin concentration 92 g/l, mean cell volume 101 fl, white blood cell count 1Á78 9 10 9 /l, neutrophils 0Á96 9 10 9 /l, lymphocytes 0Á44 9 10 9 /l and platelets 108 9 10 9 /l. Myeloblasts were present. Bone marrow aspiration showed marked hypocellularity with hypogranular and Pelgeroid neutrophils and 27Á7% blast cells, expressing CD34 and CD117. Bone marrow biopsy showed 10% cellularity with 20% CD34 + cells.The karyotype demonstrated a hypodiploid clone with numerous structural abnormalities, including 5q deletion, monosomy 7, triplication of part of 11q, a marker chromosome and a ring chromosome (left). Fluorescence in situ hybridization was compatible with deletion of EGR1, monosomy 7, RUNX1T1 trisomy, TP53 deletion and KMT2A (MLL) amplification in 50% of cells (right, dual-colour break-apart KMT2A probe). The patient was diagnosed with therapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia and showed a haematological and cytogenetic remission after one cycle of decitabine.KMT2A (located at 11q23) encodes a histone methyltransferase that has a role in epigenetic regulation of transcription, important for embryonic and haematopoietic development. Abnormalities of KMT2A, particularly rearrangements, are frequently seen in acute leukaemias. Amplification is a rare event and often associated with advanced age, a complex karyotype and a shorter overall survival. There is an association of KMT2A rearrangement with previous exposure to alkylating agents but whether there is a relationship of amplification to previous radiotherapy is unknown.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.