Mortalin is a highly conserved heat-shock chaperone usually found in multiple subcellular locations. It has several binding partners and has been implicated in various functions ranging from stress response, control of cell proliferation, and inhibition/prevention of apoptosis. The activity of this protein involves different structural and functional mechanisms, and minor alterations in its expression level may lead to serious biological consequences, including neurodegeneration. In this article we review the most current data associated with mortalin’s binding partners and how these protein-protein interactions may be implicated in apoptosis and neurodegeneration. A complete understanding of the molecular pathways in which mortalin is involved is important for the development of therapeutic strategies for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

In our study immune suppression is the main risk factor for extrapulmonary and disseminated disease. Resistance, MDR and XDR is higher in inpatients with TB. MNT infections are not uncommon in our country.

Background: Hyperglycemia is a frequent phenomenon in hospitalized patients that is associated with negative outcomes. It is common in liver transplant patients as a result of stress and is related to immunosuppressant drugs. Although studies are few, a history of diabetes and the presentation of hyperglycemia during liver transplantation have been associated with a higher risk for rejection. Aims: To analyze whether hyperglycemia during the first 48 hours after liver transplantation was associated with a higher risk for infection, rejection, or longer hospital stay. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients above the age of 15 years that received a liver transplant. Hyperglycemia was defined as a value above 140 mg/dl and it was measured in three different manners (as an isolated value, as a mean value, and as a weighted value over time). The relation of hyperglycemia to a risk for acute rejection, infection, or longer hospital stay was evaluated. Results: Some form of hyperglycemia was present in 94% of the patients during the first 48 posttransplantation hours, regardless of its definition. There was no increased risk for rejection (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 0.55-4.05), infection (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.16-2.25), or longer hospital stay between the patients that presented with hyperglycemia and those that did not.

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a major lipid carrier protein. In humans, ApoE is expressed in three polymorphic isoforms, which are encoded by three different alleles APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4. In the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, each one of these three allelic isoforms is found in several "isoelectric" protein isoforms (qPI), i.e. protein isoforms resulting from PTMs altering the net charge (q) of the polypeptide. AD is a complex disease in which multiple causes and several risk factors affect the onset and disease outcome. A major risk factor for AD is ApoE4; therefore, it is important to characterize the different ApoE qPIs. We have implemented a detergent-based method for isolation and quantitation of protein isoforms, and we found differences in the solubility of protein isoforms depending on the type of solvent used. In this manuscript, we describe these methods and applied them to young human-ApoE targeted replacement mice. Our results indicate that there are no significant differences in the hippocampus proteome of these mice as a function of the APOE genotype.

Hyperglycemia during the first 48hours after transplantation appeared to be an expected phenomenon in the majority of patients and was not associated with a greater risk for rejection or infection and it had no impact on the duration of hospital stay.

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Open Abdomen (OA) therapy, is purposely leaving the fascial edges of the abdomen un-approximated after a laparotomy. During the OA therapy, there must be a temporary abdominal closure (TAC) device installed in the patient to achieve abdominal closure gradually without affecting its safety. However, the actual TAC devices have some gaps in terms of functionality or usability, therefore a new device is proposed. Intending to design a usable and functional technique for patients all over the world, the BioDesign Innovation Process was used. This iterative methodology focuses on healthcare needs, invention, and concept development with three main phases: Identify, Invent and Implement. At the end of these phases, the team successfully developed two new abdominal closure techniques that fill in the gaps of functionality and usability, using a simulator that realistically mimicked the physical and mechanical properties of an open abdomen. In terms of functionality, the novel techniques showed safe installation, operational security, secure grip, low invasiveness and control of intra-abdominal pressure. In terms of usability, the devices showed better results in efficiency, effectiveness and easy re-exploration than the control group.

General comments:The paper presents a review of existing frameworks and models that have been used to incorporate Aotearoa Maori knowledge in New Zealand. It highlights case studies to exemplify how the frameworks work. It considers how the existing frameworks and studies apply to geomorphology and discuss the implications for studies outside of NZ. This is a high-quality review, it is well written and relevant. The frameworks presented should be a model for the US and the world where non-indigenous geoscientists wish to engage in research with indigenous peoples or their lands. C1