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The environmental regulation pressure is being increased to reduce precursors of pollution contaminants (sulfur, nitrogen, and aromatics) in fuels to lower levels. There are various processes to upgrade heavy and extraheavy crude oils, such as solvent deasphalting, thermal conversion, catalytic conversion, distillation, and hydroprocessing. Hydroprocessing not only upgrades the crude oil but also produces synthetic crude oil that has a lower impurities content and a higher liquid yield of products. The fuels upgrading currently is achieved in refinery hydroprocessing units using different new-generation catalysts, along with several modifications of process conditions such as multistage reactors, type of catalyst loading, and reactor internals. However, it has been widely recognized that, for deep removal of these contaminants by hydroprocessing, research must be more oriented to the catalyst developments, rather than the process conditions. Actual commercial catalysts are based on well-known and studied active metals (CoMo, NiMo) and support (Al 2 O 3 ). In addition, extensive research work has been performed with other supports (Al 2 O 3 -TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 -ZrO 2 , etc.). Nevertheless, other promising acidic materials, such as zeolites, have received relatively less attention, and experimental reports on their use as part of the heavy oil hydroprocessing catalyst support are scarce in the literature. The objective of this contribution is then to discuss the use of acidic and/or basic materials as a support for the hydroprocessing catalyst, specifically for their possible application for the hydroprocessing of heavy oils, in cases where the desired product selectivity is toward gasoline and middle distillates.

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The partial hydrocracking of a crude oil of 13 °API and viscosity of 6100 cSt at 37.8 °C was carried out in a batch reactor using a dispersed catalyst. The operating conditions were varied in the following ranges: hydrogen pressure of 40-100 kg/cm 2 , temperature of 360-400 °C, and reaction time of 3-5 hours. Molybdenum trioxide of analytical grade was employed as dispersed catalyst, and its concentration was modified from 0 to 2 wt%. The obtained results showed that the most favorable reaction conditions to obtain an upgraded crude oil with the required specifications for transportation by pipeline are 40 kg/cm 2 , 380 °C, 4 hours of reaction, and a catalyst concentration of 0.75 wt%. At these operation conditions no coke formation was observed.

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MFM-300(Sc) was explored as a catalyst for the gas-phase hydrogenation of acetone. The catalysis results support the presence of non-permanent open Sc(III) sites within the structure due to the requirement...