This study investigates why reasoning that involves negation is extremely difficult. We presented participants with reasoning problems containing sentences with negation of conjunctions and disjunctions in order to test predictions derived from the Mental Models Theory of human thought. According to this theory, reasoning consists of representing and comparing possibilities. Different sentential forms would require different cognitive demands. In particular, responses to a sentential negation task would be modulated by working memory load. This prediction would hold for correct responses but also for the general pattern of responses that includes incorrect responses when the task offers different response options. A within-subjects experimental design with selection paradigm was applied to test these predictions. Experimental comparisons and a complementary descriptive study yielded evidence consistent with the theory-driven predictions derived from the Mental Models Theory. The working memory load was critical for the modulation of correct responses and overall responses. We discussed alternative accounts, and suggested additional predictions for further evaluation of these phenomena.
El presente trabajo tiene por objetivos examinar las evidencias de validez de contenido y aparente, analizar evidencias de validez de constructo, estudiar la consistencia interna de las dimensiones que integran el instrumento e investigar evidencias de validez concurrente de la Escala de Autoeficacia para el Afrontamiento del Estrés en estudiantes universitarios. La muestra se conformó por 333 alumnos de una universidad privada argentina. Para esto, se realizó procedimientos de juicio experto y una prueba piloto. Posteriormente se efectuó un estudio factorial confirmatorio comparando dos modelos factoriales de primer orden y de segundo orden. Los resultados evidenciaron un adecuado ajuste del modelo de primer orden, registrando una adecuada consistencia interna y evidencias de validez concurrente. Estos resultados fueron discutidos utilizando las dos concepciones dominantes sobre la autoeficacia. Palabras clave: autoeficacia, estudio factorial confirmatorio, estudiantes universitarios, validez, confiabilidad. 1 Agradecimientos: Los autores reconocen y agradecen la colaboración de Analía Rivas y Julián Mur, integrantes del proyecto mayor: Autoeficacia para el Afrontamiento del Estrés y la Ansiedad Rasgo-Estado en Estudiantes Universitarios. VRID 1569.
This study aims to explore and analyze the relationship between general self-efficacy, state and trait anxiety and test anxiety in private university students of psychology and psycho-pedagogy careers from Argentina. Results showed positive correlations between trait anxiety and test anxiety, and between state anxiety and test anxiety. Negative correlations emerged between general self-efficacy and state anxiety, trait anxiety and test anxiety. It was possible to verify that high levels of general self-efficacy together with low levels of trait anxiety predicted 27% test anxiety variance. While similar results were found in previous works, these findings amplify the scope of research to specific contexts such as Latin American university students. It is recommended to continue the study of these variables in situations as close as possible to the exam situation and considering changes in educational setting worldwide due to the COVID-19 pandemic, thus allowing the promotion of student’s welfare throughout programs that promote general self-efficacy as a protective variable.
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