Multiple viral infections are frequent in hospitalized children with respiratory tract disease (17.4%). Multiple viral infections are linked to higher fever, longer hospital stays and more frequent use of antibiotics than in the case of infants with single RSV infections.

Rhinovirus was detected in hospitalized infants with respiratory tract disease and was the second most common virus after RSV. In our experience, it was the second etiologic agent associated with recurrent wheezing in hospitalized children, under the age of 2 years.

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Forty male Merino lambs (6-8 wk old and 14.1 ± 0.20 kg body weight, BW) were used to compare the traditional feeding system for this animal, based on concentrate and long form barley supplied separately, with TMR pellets including different proportions of ground barley straw, for their effects on feed intake, animal performance and carcass and meat characteristics. Lambs were divided into four experimental groups (n = 10), each randomly assigned to one dietary treatment: Control (conventional system: long form barley straw and concentrate feed in separated feeding troughs), F05 (TMR pellet including 50 g barley straw/kg), F15 (TMR pellet including 150 g barley straw/kg) and F25 (TMR pellet including 250 g barley straw/kg). Lambs were fed the corresponding diet ad libitum. On days 22-26, feces and urine were collected from four animals per group. When animals reached 27 kg BW, they were slaughtered. Barley straw, total dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent (NDF) and acid detergent (ADF) fiber and metabolizable energy intake linearly increased (P < 0.001) with the level of barley straw in the TMR. Dry matter digestibility decreased as barley straw in the diet increased, but NDF and ADF digestibility and N-balance were not affected (P > 0.10). F25 lambs had the greatest and F05 the smallest (P-linear = 0.002) values of average daily gain, but the feed to gain ratio was not significantly affected by the dietary treatments (P = 0.172). Abomasumintestine content weight tended to increase with barley straw in the TMR (P-linear = 0.041). Neither carcass (carcass weight, chilling losses, dressing percentage, conformation, measurements, fat thickness or jointing into commercial cuts) nor meat characteristics (pH, fat and meat color, cooking losses and texture) were affected by the level of barley straw in the TMR (P > 0.10). Therefore, it is possible to fatten light lambs on a TMR pellet including ground barley straw by increasing average daily gain and reducing the duration of the fattening period, without a negative impact on carcass and meat characteristics; the optimal level of ground barley straw inclusion is around 150 g/kg TMR pellet.

Thirty-two Merino lambs fed barley straw and a concentrate formulated either with palm oil (CTRL group) plus quercetin (QCT group) or flaxseed (FS group) plus quercetin (FS-QCT group) were used to assess the effects of this flavonoid on meat quality attributes. The animals were slaughtered after being fed for at least 5 weeks with the experimental diets. Chemical composition of longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle was not different among treatments. The longissimus lumborum (LL) samples of QCT and FS-QCT groups revealed lower discolouration (hue angle) when compared to the CTRL and FS lambs (P<0.05), whereas extract release volume (ERV) and microbiological data jointly suggest that flaxseed and quercetin may reduce the growth of microbial populations responsible for meat spoilage in quadriceps femoris (QF).

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Human bocavirus (HBoV) plays a non-insignificant role as a pathogen in respiratory tract diseases in the pediatric population, especially in infants younger than 2 years of age. In this paper, we have described two cases of a possible nosocomial infection in a neonatal intensive care unit being HBoV the sole detected respiratory virus in clinical samples.

Fifty male Merino lambs (6 to 8 weeks, 14.1 kg; n = 10 per group) were used to study the effect of feeding system: barley straw in long form and concentrate pellets in separate troughs (Control), ad libitum alfalfa supplemented with concentrate in separate troughs (Alfalfa) or including various levels of ground barley straw in concentrate pellets (B05, B15 and B25 for 50, 150 and 250 g barley straw/kg), on rumen characteristics, acid-base status, blood cell counts and lymphocyte stimulation. Alfalfa lambs had the heaviest digestive tract contents, highest rumen pH values, lowest volatile fatty acid concentration, highest papillae counts and best mucosa colour and the greatest blood pCO 2 values, lowest sodium and chloride and highest potassium concentrations (P < 0.05). Including ground barley straw in the concentrate pellet or providing straw in long form separately from the concentrate reduces rumen pH and darkens ruminal mucosa as compared with alfalfa-fed lambs, thus affecting acid-base status.