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Objectives The use of three-dimensional (3D) printing in surgery is expanding and there is a focus on comprehensively evaluating the clinical impact of this technology. However, although additional costs are one of the main limitations to its use, little is known about its economic impact. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify the costs associated with its use and highlight the first quantitative data available. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted in the PubMed and Embase databases and in the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED) at the University of York. Studies that reported an assessment of the costs associated with the use of 3D printing for surgical application and published between 2009 and 2019, in English or French, were included. Results Nine studies were included in our review. Nine types of costs were identified, the three main ones being printing material costs (n = 6), staff costs (n = 3), and operating room costs (n = 3). The printing cost ranged from less than U.S. dollars (USD) 1 to USD 146 (in USD 2019 values) depending on the criteria used to calculate this cost. Three studies evaluated the potential savings generated by the use of 3D printing technology in surgery, based on operating time reduction. Conclusion This literature review highlights the lack of reliable economic data on 3D printing technology. Nevertheless, this review makes it possible to identify expenditures or items that should be considered in order to carry out more robust studies.

Preclinical training in phantom heads has until now been considered the 'gold standard' for restorative dental education, but the transition from preclinic to the treatment of real patients has remained a challenge. With the introduction of the latest generation of virtual reality simulators, students and dental practitioners can make digital impressions of their patients in virtual reality models and practice procedures in virtual reality before clinically performing them. In this way, clinical decisions can be investigated and practiced prior to actual treatment, enhancing the safety of the treatment and the self-confidence to perform it. With the 3M™ True Definition Scanner and the Moog Simodont Dental Trainer, 3 masters students and a general dental practitioner practiced their procedures in virtual reality prior to performing them on real patients. They were very satisfied with this preparation and the result of the treatment.

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Aim: The evaluation of a health technology determines the clinical and non clinical value of the technology. Among the non clinical criteria, evaluation models include the organizational impact (OI) of the technology. The objective of this study is to highlight the types of OIs of 3D printing in a hospital setting. Materials & methods: A panel of 12 experts was assembled based on their knowledge of 3D printed medical devices and then interviewed individually. Results: A strong consensus was reached for three types of impacts out of the 12 types of OIs associated with medical devices: the need for training, cooperation and communication and the logistics circuit. Conclusion: It seems very relevant to integrate these three types of impacts in future evaluations of 3D printing in healthcare.

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9560 Background: Using the [51Cr]-ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid ([51Cr]-EDTA) method provides an accurate measure of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for each patient. However, this method is not always feasible in routine. Thus, several mathematical equations have been developed to predict creatinine clearance. The most widely used in pediatric patients is the Schwartz formula, based on patient height and serum creatinine. However, this method has not been validated in pediatric cancer patients. The aim of the present study was to compare GFR measured with the 51Cr-EDTA method to GFR estimated with the Schwartz formula in patients younger than 18 years of age and treated for solid tumors. Methods: Data have been retrospectively collected on consecutive children treated between 2001 and 2011 at Institut Gustave Roussy. All of the patients had undergone assessment of GFR via 51Cr-EDTA clearance and estimation of renal function by the Schwartz formula. Exclusion criteria were serum creatinine under 25µmol/L or no recent dosage available. GFR analysis was realized using the slope intercept method after a single injection of 51Cr-EDTA solution.. Values of the GFR were calculated by multiplying the volume of dilution by the slope of the single exponential fit to the three data points and then expressed in ml/min/1.73m². Student paired t-test (alpha = 0.05) was used to compare results obtained for each patient with the two methods. Results: 196 patients (120 males, 76 females), treated with various types of cancer (neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, lymphoma…) Mean age was 6.7 years. Mean GFR was 127.5 ml/min/1.73m² with the 51Cr-EDTA method versus 148.1 ml/min/1.73m² with the Schwartz formula. Mean of difference was 20.7 ml/min/1.73m² with a confidence interval [-25.7 ; -15.6] (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: GFR estimated with the Schwartz formula is statistically different from the isotopic method. In most cases, GFR estimated with the Schwartz formula is overestimated. This study highlights the lack of accuracy of this equation in pediatric population with cancer. The 51Cr-EDTA method must be preferred when a reliable and accurate evaluation of renal function is needed.