Apesar da reputação de ser aberta à pesquisa sobre a sexualidade, a Antropologia como disciplina só relutantemente tem dado apoio a esse trabalho. A pesquisa e a teoria antropológicas desenvolveram-se lentamente, partilhando um paradigma teórico estável (o modelo de influência cultural) desde os anos 20 até os 90. Embora fosse além das estruturas determinista e essencialista ainda comuns na biomedicina, o trabalho antropológico ainda assim considerava aspectos importantes da sexualidade como universais e transculturais. A teoria da construção social propôs um desafio aos modelos antropológicos tradicionais, e a partir de 1975 tem sido responsável por uma explosão de trabalhos inovadores sobre a sexualidade, tanto na Antropologia como em outras disciplinas. As origens e implicações teóricas da teoria construtivista são investigadas. A competição cada vez maior entre a influência cultural e os paradigmas construtivistas foi alterada pelo surgimento da AIDS e do subseqüente apoio mais substancial para a pesquisa sobre a sexualidade. Por bm lado, a expansão do financiamento às pesquisas ameaça fortalecer os modelos essencialistas em contextos biomédicos e os modelos de influência cultural na Antropologia. Por outro, as complexidades e as ambigüidades inerentes à sexualidade estudada podem revelar a força das abordagens construtivistas e estimular o desenvolvimento da pesquisa e da teoria na Antropologia.
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Drawing on the work of Gayle Rubin and Emma Goldman, this article argues that campaigns past and present against trafficking (popularly understood as the trafficking of women into prostitution) constitute displaced conversations about and interventions into heterosexuality, the major site of struggle over sexuality in the past 150 years.These campaigns situate their critiques of heterosexuality outside conventional heterosexual intimacy and marriage by carving off an allegedly unique and dangerous zone (in public, for money, at the hands of strangers) in which sex is exchanged for money and livelihood. These efforts to "draw the line" between disapproved and expected forms of exploitation and inequality (sexual and nonsexual) are filled with contradiction and incoherence, particularly in regard to the sexual culpability of men or women. Recent international law (2000) recasts trafficking by defining it as a crime of labor exploitation (not prostitution) that can harm any person (not just women and girls). Despite this reframing, the melodramatic narrative used to tell the story of trafficking subverts the new laws by highlighting sexual danger, innocent women, and male lust as the causal factors in trafficking. Critiques of heterosexual intimacy, institutions, and economies are redirected to the exceptional and the sexual in contemporary campaigns against trafficking, despite the progressive elements of recent law.
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