Despite conventional medical and surgical treatments, malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) remains incurable. Oncovirotherapy (i.e., the use of replication-competent virus for cancer treatment) is currently explored in clinical trials. In this study, we investigated the antineoplastic potential of a new oncolytic viral agent, a live-attenuated measles virus (MV) strain derived from the Edmonston vaccine lineage (Schwarz strain). We evaluated both oncolytic activity and immunoadjuvant properties of the MV vaccine strain on mesothelioma tumor cells. Infectivity, syncytium formation, and cytolytic activity of MV were studied on a panel of mesothelioma cells derived from pleural effusions of MPM patients. We observed that MV infected preferentially MPM cell lines in comparison with nontransformed mesothelial cells, leading to an efficient killing of a significant fraction of tumor cells. A cytoreductive activity was also evidenced through formation of multinuclear cellular aggregates (syncytia). The susceptibility of MPM cell lines to measles infection was assessed by the analysis of cell surface expression of the MV vaccine receptor (CD46). We also evaluated whether MV infection of mesothelioma cells could elicit an autologous antitumor immune response. We showed that MV Schwarz strain induced apoptotic cell death of infected mesothelioma cells, which were efficiently phagocytosed by dendritic cells (DC). Loading of DCs with MV-infected MPM cells induced DC spontaneous maturation, as evidenced by the increased expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules along with the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Priming of autologous T cells by DCs loaded with MV-infected MPM cells led to a significant proliferation of tumor-specific CD8 T cells. Altogether, these data strongly support the potential of oncolytic MV as an efficient therapeutic agent for mesothelioma cancer. [Cancer Res 2008;68(12):4882-92]

Having gained momentum in the last decade, the One Health initiative promotes a holistic approach to address complex global health issues. Before recommending its adoption to stakeholders, however, it is paramount to first compile quantitative evidence of the benefit of such an approach. The aim of this scoping review was to identify and summarize primary research that describes monetary and non-monetary outcomes following adoption of a One Health approach. An extensive literature search yielded a total of 42,167 references, of which 85 were included in the final analysis. The top two biotic health issues addressed in these studies were rabies and malaria; the top abiotic health issue was air pollution. Most studies described collaborations between human and animal (n = 42), or human and environmental disciplines (n = 41); commonly reported interventions included vector control and animal vaccination. Monetary outcomes were commonly expressed as cost–benefit or cost–utility ratios; non-monetary outcomes were described using disease frequency or disease burden measurements. The majority of the studies reported positive or partially positive outcomes. This paper illustrates the variety of health challenges that can be addressed using a One Health approach, and provides tangible quantitative measures that can be used to evaluate future implementations of the One Health approach. Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s10393-017-1310-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Farmers' vigilance is essential for the detection of epidemics, including potential emerging diseases, in marine shellfish. A field study was conducted to investigate oyster farmers' reporting practices and behaviour, and to identify factors influencing the reporting process of oyster mortality, with the ultimate aim of improving early detection of unexplained oyster mortality outbreaks. A retrospective case-control study of oyster farmers from Charente-Maritime (France) was designed, based on interviews with 27 non-reporting and 89 reporting farmers, further split into 40 formerly-reporting and 49 currently-reporting farmers. Information about farmer and farm characteristics, farming practices, farm health history and related financial compensation on the farm, knowledge of the mortality reporting system and reporting behaviour was collected. Sampling design was considered in the calculations and farmers' reporting behaviour was modelled using an ordinal logistic regression (continuation-ratio model). Notification procedures were fairly well known among farmers and the reporting system was well accepted overall. Nevertheless, a lack of awareness of the aims of the reporting system was revealed, which contributed to late reporting. Factors identified as driving a farmer's decision to report oyster mortality concerned their lack of awareness of mortality reporting (production type, farm size, location of the production cycle, accessibility of the leasing grounds) and willingness to report (possibility and extent of financial compensation, a feeling of not being involved, whether it was first year of reporting). Overall classification performance of the model built in this study was 64%. In particular, financial compensation for oyster production losses appeared to be a clear incentive for reporting, but was countered by a habituation effect combined with a lack of awareness of the aims of the reporting system: oyster farmers looking for benefits for themselves in reporting, rather than early detection of a disease outbreak. Both economic compensation and the farmers' non-economic values and perceptions should be considered to improve oyster farmers' reporting compliance and sustainability of the reporting system. Education and participatory approaches could help to change these attitudes and thus improve oyster farmers' compliance with reporting duties, resulting in improved early detection of epidemics and emerging or exotic oyster diseases.