The development of the intention to communicate was examined by attempting to identify the point at which prelinguistic vocalizations are used by infants as a means of communication. This achievement was related to the infants' cognitive development. It was hypothesized that Piagetian stage 5 in the development of causality may be a prerequisite for the intentional use of vocalizations. 46 infants (X age = 10.7 months, range: 8 months--14.3 months) and their mothers were videotaped in a structured, naturalistic setting. 2 "frustration" episodes were devised to encourage communication, and the infants' vocalizations as well as other behaviors were coded by 2 observers. 2 Piagetian tasks were selected to assess the causal developmental level of the child. A significant relationship between causal developmental level and the occurrence of intentional vocalizations was found. The results support the hypothesis that stage 5 causal development may be a prerequisite to the use of intentional vocalizations.
The development of the intention to communicate was examined by attempting to identify the point at which prelinguistic vocalizations are used by infants as a means of communication. This achievement was related to the infants' cognitive development. It was hypothesized that Piagetian stage 5 in the development of causality may be a prerequisite for the intentional use of vocalizations. 46 infants (X age = 10.7 months, range: 8 months--14.3 months) and their mothers were videotaped in a structured, naturalistic setting. 2 "frustration" episodes were devised to encourage communication, and the infants' vocalizations as well as other behaviors were coded by 2 observers. 2 Piagetian tasks were selected to assess the causal developmental level of the child. A significant relationship between causal developmental level and the occurrence of intentional vocalizations was found. The results support the hypothesis that stage 5 causal development may be a prerequisite to the use of intentional vocalizations.
The relationship between quality of infant attachment to parents and sociability toward a strange adult was investigated, and level of stranger sociability with father present was compared to that with mother present. Results suggest that during the child's second year, and particularly for boys, the presence of the father represents a distinct social context for the child.
The development of the intention to communicate is examined. The process through which prelanguage infants learn to use communication as a goal is related to the coordination of three dimensions of causal knowledge, i.e., knowledge of means-end relationships, objective causality, and knowledge of causal agents. A development model of intention is proposed which identifies components of intention formation and intentional behavior which develop gradually in a hierarchical fashion related to causal development. Using this model as a conceptual framework, interpretations and predictions about communication development are made.
Stability of the firstborn's quality of attachment to the mother was examined during the period from the last trimester of the mother's second pregnancy through the early postpartum period, as assessed by the Strange Situation. A second pregnancy and the birth of a sibling were significantly associated with instability in the mother-firstborn attachment.
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