Speech, language, auditory, and intellectual development were tested in 81 fiveyear-old children with one or more of the following high-risk histories: birth weight less than 2500 grams; gestational age less than 38 weeks; SGA; Rh or ABO blood incompatibility; respiratory distress; and hyperbilirubinemia greater than 15 mg%. Tests included the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Templin-Darley Articulation Screening, the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, the Leiter International Performance Scale, audiologic evaluation, and physical examination. Despite normal intelligence, 54% of the children needed special help. Respiratory distress or abnormal birth weight and gestational age led to the greatest incidence of disability. Significant problems were most often noted in auditory and visual figure-ground discrimination and memory, physical examination, expressive vocabulary, and block design. Also noted were difficulties in word finding, articulation, sentence memory, similarities, mazes, sound blending, geometric design, and attention span.
No abstract
A book purporting to deal with the psychology of women should be a welcome addition to the libraries of those working for the societal redefinition of sex roles. It should sweep away the myths, the prejudices, the presuppositions, the hang-ups and the put-downs that comprise the entire pernicious ideology that has kept woman in &dquo;her place. &dquo; But psychology is, unfortunately, the product of psychologists--and American psychologists are themselves the product of sexist and class-biased professionalization.The non-radical psychologist almost inevitably begins building a psychological theory on the normative structure of society. If the society accepts the inferiority of women, then--in the name of scientific truth--the psychologists will support their inferior status. And it then becomes that much harder to achieve revolutionary change in the status of women. Judith Bardwick's Psychology of Women (New York: Harper and Row, 1971) must be indicated on those grounds.Psychology of Women is a textbook-like review of the psychological literature on women. The review is conducted from an essentially biologically determinist position by an individual psychologist who has very little sense of the social. The author develops her perspective throughout the book: &dquo; I do think that there are fundamental psychological differences between the sexes that are, at least in part, related to the differences in their bodies&dquo; (p. 6).&dquo;It will be my thesis that the differences between the sexes have early genetic origins (p. 12). &dquo;Differences in personality characteristics begin to develop before birth&dquo; (p. 21, italics in original). &dquo;Far more than for men, the mature woman is her body--it is the way in which she attracts men, manipulates them, loves them, secures love, and'gratifies both of their sexual and reproductive needs&dquo; II (p. 68, italics in original). &dquo;My hunch, and it is no more than that, is that there is a phylogenetic inheritance that makes maternity the most fulfilling role for women, at least when children are young&dquo; (p. 211).The book is redundant with the author's hunches; throughout the work, in text and in footnote, Professor Bardwick cautions the reader about her &dquo;oversimplification&dquo; of the issues, her generalization from incomplete data, and her &dquo;conceptual leaps. &dquo; While her qualifications are quite proper in scientific discourse, they hardly compensate for the systematic and dogmatic bias of the materials presented. If Bardwick were constructing a formal theory on the basis of sketchy evidence, the selective character of her data and inferences would be justifiable. They would be justifiable since her theory would be presumably amenable to test, logically and empirically. But in this book Bardwick is not attempting to construct a formal theory, she is supposedly summarizing existing literature.In other contexts, we would be favorably disposed to an author who had the courage to explicitly go beyond the data. But in this case there are two furthe...
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