No abstract

1. Summary The majority of human subjects who receive subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (IT) develop decreased sensitivity to their allergens. Multiple factors may explain the efficacy of IT, some evidence supports a role for allergen specific IgG antibodies. There is controversy whether such antibodies act by blocking allergen binding to IgE or initiation of active inhibitory signaling through low affinity IgG receptors (FcγRIIB) on mast cells and basophils. In this study, we addressed this question using peripheral blood from cat non-allergic, cat allergic, and immunotherapy-treated cat allergic subjects. Blood from subjects who received IT contain IgG antibodies that mediate inhibition of basophil activation by a mechanism that is blocked by antibodies specific for the inhibitory IgG receptor FcγRIIB. Surprisingly, inhibition was also blocked by aglycosylated, putatively non-FcR binding, antibodies that are specific for the FcγRIIA, suggesting a contribution of this receptor to the observed effect. Consistent with a cooperative effect, ex vivo basophils were found to express both IgG receptors. In other studies we found that basophils from subjects who were both chronically exposed to allergen and were producing both cat allergen specific IgE and IgG, are hypo-responsive to allergen. These studies confirm that IgG antibodies produced during IT act primarily by stimulation of inhibitory signaling, and suggest that FcγRIIA and FcγRIIB function cooperatively in activation of inhibitory signaling circuit. We suggest that under normal physiologic conditions in which only a small proportion of FcεRI are occupied by IgE of a single allergen specificity, FcγRIIA co-aggregation may, by providing activated Lyn, be required to fuel activation of inhibitory FcγRIIB function.

Random heterocopolymers of glutamic acid and tyrosine (pEY) evoke strong, genetically controlled immune responses in certain mouse strains. We found that pE50Y50 also stimulated polyclonal proliferation of normal γδ, but not αβ, T cells. Proliferation of γδ T cells did not require prior immunization with this Ag nor the presence of αβ T cells, but was enhanced by IL-2. The γδ T cell response proceeded in the absence of accessory cells, MHC class II, β2-microglobulin, or TAP-1, suggesting that Ag presentation by MHC class I/II molecules and peptide processing are not required. Among normal splenocytes, as with γδ T cell hybridomas, the response was strongest with Vγ1+ γδ T cells, and in comparison with related polypeptides, pE50Y50 provided the strongest stimulus for these cells. TCR gene transfer into a TCR-deficient αβ T cell showed that besides the TCR, no other components unique to γδ T cells are needed. Furthermore, interactions between only the T cells and pE50Y50 were sufficient to bring about the response. Thus, pE50Y50 elicited a response distinct from those of T cells to processed/presented peptides or superantigens, consistent with a mechanism of Ig-like ligand recognition of γδ T cells. Direct stimulation by ligands resembling pE50Y50 may thus selectively evoke contributions of γδ T cells to the host response.

IgE production is inversely regulated by circulating and B cell surface levels of the low affinity IgE receptor, CD23. To begin to understand physiologic determinants of CD23 expression, we analyzed effects of BCR and TLR stimulation on CD23 levels. BCR and TLR 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 agonists induced CD23 down-modulation from the cell surface. However, among the ligands only TLR4 agonists induced transcriptional activation of CD23 and generation of significant soluble CD23. These responses were induced by LPS both in vitro and in vivo, and were seen in both murine and human B cells. LPS also induced expression of matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) and failed to induce CD23 cleaving activity in MMP9−/− cells, thus implicating MMP9 in the LPS-induced release of CD23 from the cell surface. Finally, type 1 transitional B cells uniquely produce MMP9 in response to LPS, suggesting a mechanism wherein endotoxin induces T1 cell expression of MMP9, which mediates cleavage of CD23 on distinct, mature B cells.