We analyze how subjects' self-assessment depends on whether its accuracy is observable to others. We find that women downgrade their selfassessment given observability while men do not. Women avoid the shame they may have if others observe that they overestimated themselves. Men, however, do not seem to be similarly shame-averse. This gender difference may be due to different societal expectations: While we find that men are expected to be overconfident, women are not. Shame-aversion may explain recent findings that women shy away from competition, demanding jobs and wage negotiations, as entering these situations is a statement to be confident of one's ability.
We report on two experiments that identify non-monetary incentive effects of competition. As the number of competitors increases, monetary incentives to engage in cost reduction tend to decrease. We test the hypothesis that there are non-monetary incentive effects of competition going in the opposite direction. In the experiments we change the number of competitors exogenously keeping the monetary incentives to spend effort constant. The first experiment shows that subjects spend significantly more effort in duopolistic and oligopolistic markets than in a monopoly. The second experiment focuses on social comparisons as one potential mechanism for this effect. It shows that competition turns the effort decisions of competing managers into strategic complements.
The existing texture measuring device of the research department of Thyssen Stahl AG has been retrofitted and automated to make it possible that ODF analyses may be used more comprehensively in steel development, despite the high efforts required for measuring and evaluation. Now it is possible to automatically measure series of up to 10 samples. All measuring processes are controlled by step motors by a computer, which also collects the measured data. Samples are changed by a robot arm, which replaces the measured sample by a new one taken from a special sample magazine. Both the evaluation and the output of data and graphics are also performed by series and automatically on a second computer. Because of the new investigation device, up to 12 ODF measurements per day are possible, while the costs are reduced to one fifth of the former level. MeBsystem fUr Texturen mit vollautcmatlschem Probenwechsel mit Hille eines Roboterarmes. Die bei der Thyssen Forschung vorhandene TexturmeBeinrichtung wurde umgebaut und automatisiert. Jetzt k6nnen OVF-Analysen in der Stahlentwicklungtrotz des hohen Aufwands, der zur Messung und Auswertung erforderlich ist -besser verwendet werden. Reihen von bis zu 10 Proben k6nnen nun automatisch gemessen werden. Aile MeBverfahren erfolgen computergesteuert; MeBdaten werden im Rechner gesammelt. Die Proben werden von einem Roboterarm ausgewechselt. Auswertung und Datenausgabe -auch in Form von Graphiken -erfolgen ebenfalls serienrnafiiq und automatisch auf einem zweiten Rechner. Mit dieser neuen Untersuchungseinrichtung k6nnen bis zu 12 OVF-Messungen pro Tag durchgefUhrt werden. Die Kosten wurden im Vergleich zurn truheren Verfahren auf ein Funttel gesenkt.
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