No abstract

Investigated early development of temperament across three cultures: People's Republic of China (PRC), United States of America (US), and Spain, utilizing a longitudinal design (assessments at 3, 6, and 9 months of age). Selection of these countries presented an opportunity to conduct Eastern-Western/Individualistic-Collectivistic comparisons. The greatest number of significant differences (i.e., involving more temperament dimensions) was anticipated for the US (Western/Individualistic) and PRC (Eastern/Collectivistic) comparisons. The US sample included 66, the PRC group 69, and the Spanish sample, 60 mothers, all of whom completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ) 3 times, when their infants were 3, 6, and 9 months of age. Results related to mean group differences were generally consistent with our hypotheses, demonstrating a greater number of significant differences for US versus PRC, with fewer differences observed for US and Spain. Analyses addressing developmental changes in temperament indicated patterns consistent with a priori expectations and cross-cultural differences.

No abstract

Although function transfer often has been studied in complex operant procedures (such as matching to sample), whether operant reinforcement actually produces function transfer in such settings has not been established. The present experiments, with high school students as subjects, suggest that stimulus pairings can promote function transfer in conditions that closely approximate those of matching to sample. In Experiment 1, the subjects showed transfer of operant responding from three geometric figures (C1, C2, C3) to three colored shapes (B1, B2, B3) when the latter were paired with the former. Experiment 2 involved two groups of subjects. In the matching group, subjects matched the colored shapes with the geometric figures; in the yoked group, the shapes were merely paired with the geometric figures, and the schedule of stimulus pairing was yoked to the performance of the subjects in the matching group. Both groups of subjects showed function transfer. Experiment 3 documented function transfer from C stimuli to B stimuli through indirect stimulus pairings (A-B, A-C). In Experiment 4, function transfer was obtained even though the subjects vocalized continuously during the pairing trials, presumably preventing covert verbalization that might mediate transfer effects. Our results are consistent with a Pavlovian account and raise difficulties for current operant theories of function transfer.

El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar y validar para nuestra zona el Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente ASI (Glick & Fiske, 1996). Este inventario está constituido por 22 ítems distribuidos en dos dimensiones: sexismo hostil y sexismo benévolo. La muestra quedó constituida por 220 participantes de ambos sexos, todos ellos estudiantes de las carreras de psicología, periodismo, economía e ingeniería. El ASI muestra ser confiable y válido, y nos informa de una alta correlación con una serie de variables sociodemográficas y psicosociales. Respecto del perfil de sexismo, los hombres muestran mayores índices de sexismo tanto benévolo como hostil que las mujeres, aunque los niveles para estassobre todo en el de tipo benévolo-son bastante elevados. Se discuten estos resultados a la luz de las teorías sobre prejuicio y estereotipos de género.