A few lifestyle characteristics before cancer diagnosis have been suggested to modify the prognosis of breast cancer. Follow-up information from 1,453 women with incident invasive breast cancer, diagnosed between 1991 and 1994 and interviewed within the framework of an Italian multicenter case-control study, was used to assess the effect of obesity and of a large spectrum of other factors on breast cancer mortality. Five hundred and three deaths, including 398 breast cancer deaths, were identified. Hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause and breast cancer mortality and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI), were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models and adjusted for age and breast cancer characteristics (stage and receptor status). Increased risk of death for breast cancer emerged for body mass index (BMI) ‡ 30 kg/m 2 (HR 5 1.38; 95% CI: 1.02-1.86), compared to <25, or waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) ‡ 0.85 (HR 5 1.27; 95% CI: 0.98-1.64), compared to <0.80, and the strongest association was observed for women with BMI ‡30 and high WHR ( ‡0.85), compared to women with BMI <25 and WHR < 0.85 (HR 5 1.57, 95% CI: 1.08-2.27). The unfavorable effect of high BMI was similar in women <55 and ‡55 years of age, whereas it was stronger in women with I-II stage than III-IV stage breast cancer. Low vegetable and fruit consumption and current or past smoking were also associated to marginally worse breast cancer survival. No significant relationship with survival after breast cancer emerged for several other major lifestyle factors, including physical activity, alcohol drinking, exogenous hormones use and fat intake. High BMI was the lifestyle risk factor that most consistently modified breast cancer prognosis in our study. ' 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: body mass index; breast cancer; diet; obesity; smoking Survival after breast cancer diagnosis greatly depends on tumor characteristics (i.e., tumor size, grade, receptor and lymph node status) and appropriateness of treatment. 1 However, an effect of a few risk factors for breast cancer onset on cancer prognosis has been reported 2-21 and some of such factors are potentially modifiable (i.e., postmenopausal obesity, alcohol use, physical activity).Overweight or obese [body mass index (BMI) 25] women report increased relative risks of all-cause death (between 1.3 and 2.5) compared to women with ideal weight (BMI < 25); these findings seem to hold true for breast cancer mortality too. 5,7,[9][10][11][12]15 A dietary pattern characterized by a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, whole grains and fish, but poor in red meats and animal fats has been positively associated to a longer overall survival. 8,22 However, the effect of these factors on breast cancer mortality seems not significant. 8,14,23 The relationship between physical activity and survival among women with breast cancer has also been explored, with an approximately 20% risk reduction reported in active women. 6,13,16 Finally, smoking habits before breast cancer diagnosis unfavorably affect overall survival. Ho...

This study detected a significant improvement in survival of individuals with EA over the past decades and identified the strongest predictors of mortality. These results will be important for the planning of the clinical management and formulation of prognosis when EA is diagnosed in a newborn. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:542-548, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Repeated FIT significantly reduces the burden of colorectal disease while facilitating an efficient use of colonoscopy resources. The cumulative detection rate after five rounds of FIT is similar to primary screening with colonoscopy, supporting the need to account for the cumulative sensitivity of repeated FITs when evaluating the test's efficacy.

Systemic inflammatory status has been reported to impact survival of prostate cancer (PCa) patients; however, evidence is lacking on whether the inflammatory potential of diet can influence prognosis of PCa patients. To investigate the association between a dietary inflammatory index (DII) and PCa survival, we conducted a retrospective cohort study including 726 men with PCa originally enrolled, between 1995 and 2002, in an Italian case–control study. Information on diet and Gleason score was collected at PCa diagnosis. DII was derived from a food frequency questionnaire using a validated algorithm. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of death with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a Fine-Gray model. DII scores were not significantly associated with all-cause mortality of PCa patients (HR highest vs. lowest DII tertile = 1.25; 95% CI: 0.86–1.83). However, considerable heterogeneity emerged according to Gleason score (p < 0.01): no associations emerged among men with Gleason score 2–6 PCa; whereas, among patients with Gleason score 7–10 PCa, DII was directly associated with both all-cause and PCa-specific mortality (HR highest vs. lowest DII tertile: 2.78; 95% CI: 1.41–5.48; and 4.01; 95% CI: 1.25–12.86; respectively). Among patients with Gleason score 7–10 PCa, ten-year all-cause survival probabilities were 58% (95% CI: 47–67%) for highest and 78% (95% CI: 67–86%) for lowest DII tertile. Study findings support the hypothesis that diet, through its inflammatory potential, may influence the prognosis of patients with more aggressive PCa. Dietary interventions aimed at decreasing inflammation may be considered to improve survival of men with PCa.

Current smoking at PCa diagnosis negatively impacted PCa-specific, long-term survival, regardless of Gleason score. Our findings suggest that smoking could be a modifiable risk factor to improve prognosis of men diagnosed with PCa.