To evaluate the association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer, we performed a population-based case-control study in Columbia and Spain, the former country having an incidence rate of cervical cancer about 8 times higher than the latter. It included 436 cases of histologically confirmed invasive cervical cancer and 387 randomly selected population controls. Information on demographic variables, sexual behaviour and other risk factors was obtained by interview. HPV-DNA was measured in cervical-swab specimens with 3 hybridization assays: ViraPap, Southern hybridization (SH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of HPV-DNA and detection of types 16, 18, 31, 33 and 35 were strongly associated with cervical cancer in each country regardless of the assay used. For both countries combined the adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were: ViraPap OR = 25.9 (10.0-66.7); SH OR = 6.8 (3.4-13.4); and PCR OR = 28.8 (15.7-52.6). HPV-16 was the most common type detected in both cases and controls. Our results indicate that there is a very strong association between HPV 16, 18, 31, 33 and 35 and invasive cervical cancer and that this association is probably causal.

A large number of women survive a diagnosis of breast cancer. Knowledge of their risk of developing a new primary cancer is important not only in relation to potential side effects of their cancer treatment, but also in relation to the possibility of shared etiology with other types of cancer. A cohort of 525,527 women with primary breast cancer was identified from 13 population-based cancer registries in Europe, Canada, Australia and Singapore, and followed for second primary cancers within the period 1943-2000. We used cancer incidence rates of first primary cancer for the calculation of standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of second primary cancer. Risk of second primary breast cancer after various types of nonbreast cancer was also computed. For all second cancer sites combined, except contralateral breast cancer, we found a SIR of 1.25 (95% CI 5 1.24-1.26) on the basis of 31,399 observed cases after first primary breast cancer. The overall risk increased with increasing time since breast cancer diagnosis and decreased by increasing age at breast cancer diagnosis. There were significant excesses of many different cancer sites; among these the excess was larger than 150 cases for stomach (SIR 5

This large population-based study found an increase in total CDH prevalence over time. CDH prevalence also varied significantly according to geographical location. No significant association was found with maternal age.

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Pooled data from 13 cancer registries show a 30% increased risk of second primary cancer after thyroid cancer and increased risks of thyroid cancer after various primary cancers. Although bias (detection, surveillance, misclassification) and chance may contribute to some of these observations, it seems likely that shared risk factors and treatment effects are implicated in many. When following up patients who have been treated for primary thyroid cancer, clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for second primary cancers.

Introduction Europe is an important focus for compiling accurate and up-to-date world cancer statistics owing to its large share of the world's total cancer burden. This article presents incidence and mortality estimates for 25 major cancers across 40 individual countries within European areas and the European Union (EU-27) for the year 2020. Methods The estimated national incidence and mortality rates are based on statistical methodology previously applied and verified using the most recently collected incidence data from 151 population-based cancer registries, mortality data and 2020 population estimates. Results Estimates reveal 4 million new cases of cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) and 1.9 million cancer-related deaths. The most common cancers are: breast in women (530,000 cases), colorectum (520,000), lung (480,000) and prostate (470,000). These four cancers account for half the overall cancer burden in Europe. The most common causes of cancer deaths are: lung (380,000), colorectal (250,000), breast (140,000) and pancreatic (130,000) cancers. In EU-27, the estimated new cancer cases are approximately 1.4 million in males and 1.2 million in females, with over 710,000 estimated cancer deaths in males and 560,000 in females. Conclusion The 2020 estimates provide a basis for establishing priorities in cancer-control measures across Europe. The long-established role of cancer registries in cancer surveillance and the evaluation of cancer control measures remain fundamental in formulating and adapting national cancer plans and pan-European health policies. Given the estimates are built on recorded data prior to the onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), they do not take into account the impact of the pandemic.

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The objective of the study was to assess the risk of second primary cancers (SPCs) following a primary head and neck cancer (oral cavity, pharynx and larynx) and the risk of head and neck cancer as a SPC. The present investigation is a multicenter study from 13 population-based cancer registries. The study population involved 99,257 patients with a first primary head and neck cancer and contributed 489,855 person-years of follow-up. To assess the excess risk of SPCs following head and neck cancers, we calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) by dividing the observed numbers of SPCs by the expected number of cancers calculated from accumulated person-years and the age-, sex-and calendar period-specific first primary cancer incidence rates in each of the cancer registries. During the observation period, there were 10,826 cases of SPCs after head and neck cancer. For all cancer sites combined, the SIR of SPCs was 1.86 (95% CI = 1.83-1.90) and the 20-year cumulative risk was 36%. Lung cancer contributed to the highest proportion of the SPCs with a 20-year cumulative risk of 13%. Excess second head and neck cancer risk was observed 10 years after diagnosis with lymphohaematopoietic cancers. The most common SPC following a first primary head and neck cancer was lung cancer. However, the highest excess of SPCs was in the head and neck region. These patterns were consistent with the notion that the pattern of cancer in survivors of head and neck cancer is dominated by the effect of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking. ' 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: head and neck cancer; second cancer A significant improvement in locoregional control of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma has been seen over the last decades, due to the introduction of new surgical techniques, improved radiotherapy techniques and the use of chemotherapy. However, 5-year relative survival from head and neck cancer has not increased greatly over the period of 1985-1994. 1,2 One of the reasons for the lack of improvement in overall survival is the frequent development of second primary cancers (SPCs) that occur more often in head and neck cancer patients than in patients with cancers of other sites 3 and lead to poor prognosis. [4][5][6] Head and neck cancers (oral cavity, pharynx and larynx) comprise around 5% of all cancer cases worldwide and result in 6% of cancer deaths in men and 3% in women.7 SPCs after head and neck cancers are mostly found in the aerodigestive tract, including the lung and esophagus, which leads to a significant decrease in survival. 5 In contrast to the overall 5-year survival rate for head and neck cancer patients of approximately 50%, the 5-year survival rate in head and neck cancer patients who developed SPC was around 20% after the SPC was diagnosed. 4,5 The 5-year survival rates after SPC diagnosis were above 30% if the SPC was also a head and neck cancer and decreased to 8% if the SPC was outside the head and neck area.