This paper establishes a methodology to characterize the experiment design and analyze the hybrid demand pattern for a water distribution network in transition from intermittent to continuous supply and thus have a basis for the definition of a management model that defines adequate operation of a water distribution network for a sector based on the demand and the type of supply available. An analysis of the water supply situation during transition from intermittent to continuous supply in a referent sector called Riberas de Sacramento was carried out on the behavior of the network, the operating criteria of the system and the demand of the sector. For the consumption analysis, three consecutive years of data collected by government institution from micro meters were analyzed. In order to characterize the hybrid demand pattern to operate the network, prior site analysis determined the minimum amounts of pressures and consumption records to obtain series of data for analysis. After the review of the transition from intermittent to continuous water supply and the establishment of methodology to characterize the hybrid demand pattern, the need for a hybrid demand pattern is required, and this experiment design gives part to achieve it.
User water demand can be met in intermittent water supply systems, and normally it is met if they have sufficient capacity to store water in their homes to be used in the hours when it is not supplied from the public pipe network. The situation in many intermittent water supply systems is that they have enough water to cover the demand of the users but are supplying it intermittently, and the challenge is to achieve a transfer from intermittent to continuous supply. If the delivery of water is continuous, which supplies drinking water 24/7, it covers not only the basic needs of the user, it covers all the needs of water they may have. The present study was carried out using smart domestic water meters to obtain consumption information in an intermittently supplied pilot sector. The electromagnetic meters record the water flow through pulses and generate consumption information, which gives us the consumption pattern in volume of water and in the time it is used. During the study, multivariate statistical methods were applied to obtain information from the domestic meters and to identify, as realistically as possible, the consumption of drinking water and the relationship between consumption and specific characteristics of the users and thus anticipate future demand. The results showed a close relationship between consumption and the size of the residence. The most influential factors were the number of bathrooms and the number of occupants. A direct relationship between the pressure and the volume supplied was presumed at the beginning of the study but the opposite was found. Equipment was installed to measure the pressure in the network at the time of establishing the continuous supply of drinking water. The multivariate analysis provides a selection of the most important variables that influence and explain the behavior of the water use and consumption pattern, with the operation determined by the operating agency.
The perception of a service provided can be obtained using subjective surveys based on the population's physical, economic and social characteristics. This study focuses on the use of standardized surveys to obtain users' perception of a drinking water service, as well as measuring domestic consumption with water meters and pressure data, using specialized recorders to identify daily patterns in water use and consumption. Factors can be identified indicating drinking water use patterns among the sector's inhabitants throughout the day, week and month, and taking climatic factors into account, by analyzing consumption habits and the related measurements. An important point that is defined is the demand factor, to indicate key points in estimating existing and future demand based on an intermittent supply. The study includes a proposal for a management model based on the demand factor, with which the sector's consumption needs are solved and drinking water supply is efficient. The results obtained gave us an overview of water losses, awareness of the value of the drinking water service, and the users' interest in taking care of it.
Decision making in drinking water supply networks is increasingly complex due to the large number of variables involved. In order to make better decisions it is necessary to use adequate and robust methodologies. This paper presents the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) related to the operation of the drinking water supply network of the city of Chihuahua, Mexico, where two possible alternatives are delineated with the objective to optimize the service. The application of AHP was carried out in 24 sectors that have substantial differences in their efficiency but with instrumentation and measurement in all the variables contemplated by the operating agency, with a population of 221,722 inhabitants which represent a 30% of the total population of the city, the results indicate that the best alternative is the one with less criteria to be controlled and fewer repercussions on the cost of operation and investment in the rehabilitation and replacement of the network.
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