Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) is an often disease affecting piglets. It is caused mainly by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) colonization in pig gut. Antibiotics has been used to prevent, combat and control PWD and its negative impact on the productivity of pig breeding sector. Nonetheless, antibiotics due to their wide antibacterial spectrum also can reach beneficial gut bacteria, such as Lactobacillus. Lately, essential oils (EOs) have emerged as a potential alternative to using antibiotics in animal breeding because of their effect on bacterial growth. Commonly, citrus EOs are by-products of food industry and the availability of these EOs in the worldwide market is huge. Thus, six commercials citrus EOs were evaluated on ETEC strains, as model of pathogenic bacteria, and on Lactobacillus species, as models of beneficial bacteria. In overall, citrus EOs exhibited a selective antibacterial activity with higher effect on pathogenic bacteria (ETECs) than beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus). Brazilian orange terpenes (BOT) oil presented the highest selective performance and caused higher disturbances on the normal growth kinetic of ETEC than on Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The action was dose-dependent on the maximal culture density (A) and the lag phase duration (λ) of the ETEC. The highest sub-inhibitory concentration (0.925 mg/mL) extended the λ duration to ETEC eight times (14.6 h) and reduced A in 55.9%. For L. rhamnosus, the λ duration was only extended 1.6 times. Despite the fact that limonene was detected as the major compound, the selective antibacterial activity of the citrus EOs could not be exclusively attributed to limonene since the presence of minor compounds could be implicated in conferring this feature.

A cadeia da carne de frango no Brasil é um importante setor do agronegócio, ocupando a terceira maior produção mundial e o primeiro lugar nas exportações. Para atender a demanda, é fundamental minimizar os problemas de manejo, que causam o aparecimento de problemas fisiológicos. A seleção genética intensiva, que é usada na obtenção de taxas de crescimento mais rápidas para frangos de corte, contribuiu para que as linhagens melhoradas atuais sejam muito susceptíveis ao estresse térmico. Quando a temperatura ambiente se eleva acima da zona de termoneutralidade, a ave é submetida a uma condição de estresse, podendo gerar hipertermia aguda, alcalose respiratória, desequilíbrio eletrolítico, redução no consumo de alimento, menor taxa de crescimento, aumento na mortalidade e/ou até mesmo efeitos negativos na qualidade da carne, pela incidência de carnes pálidas e, em outros casos, escuras, interferindo nas propriedades como rendimento industrial, capacidade de retenção de água, cor e maciez. Os resultados de avaliação dos parâmentros de qualidade observados na literatura evidenciam que o estresse térmico, crônico ou agudo sofrido por frangos de corte geram consequências negativas sobre as propriedades funcionais da carne. São necessários mais estudos sobre essa questão, principalmente em relação ao Brasil, por ser um país tropical, com elevadas temperaturas, especialmente, no verão, para compreender, prevenir e contornar a extensão ou intensidade do estresse, evitando problemas e prejuízos para a cadeia da carne.

Gas production from microbial deterioration in vacuum-packs of chilled meat leads to pack distension, which is commonly referred as blown pack. This phenomenon is attributed to some psychrophilic and psychrotrophic Clostridium species, as well as Enterobacteria. The ability of these microorganisms to grow at refrigeration temperatures makes the control by the meat industry a challenge. This type of deterioration has been reported in many countries including some plants in the Midwestern and Southeastern regions of Brazil. In addition to causing economic losses, spoilage negatively impacts the commercial product brand, thereby impairing the meat industry. In the case of strict anaerobes species they are difficult to grow and isolate using culture methods in conventional microbiology laboratories. Furthermore, conventional culture methods are sometimes not capable of distinguishing species or genera. DNA-based molecular methods are alternative strategies for detecting viable and non-cultivable microorganisms and strict anaerobic microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate. Here, we review the microorganisms and mechanisms involved in the deterioration of vacuum-packaged chilled meat and address the use of molecular methods for detecting specific strict anaerobic microorganisms and microbial communities in meat samples.

BackgroundThere has been an increased interest in nutritional strategies to manipulate the fatty acid pro le of pigs. Dietary regimens involving the use of oils that are high in monosaturated fatty acid (MUFA), primarily oleic acid (OA), such as canola oil (CO), as well as in omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), which are found in sh oil (FO), have been investigated aiming healthier fatty acid pro le cuts, with a higher ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids. Therefore, the effects of including 3% soybean oil (SO), CO, or FO in growing-nishing pig diets vs. feeding a standard commercial diet with 1.5% SO (control) on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, consumer acceptability, and intramuscular fatty acid composition of the longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle were evaluated. ResultsDietary treatments had no effect on overall growth performance and pig carcasses. Although loins from pigs fed diets containing either 3% SO or CO showed a reduction (P = 0.05) in Warner-Bratzler shear force, only the addition of 3% SO to pig diets resulted in loin chops that were rated higher (P < 0.001) for consumer overall liking. Adding either 3% SO or CO increased (P < 0.01) the percentages of OA and total MUFA in the LL intramuscular fat compared to controlor FO-fed pigs. However, intramuscular fat from 3% SO-or CO-fed pigs had the lowest (P < 0.01) proportion of total n-3 PUFA than control-or FO-fed pigs.Including 3% fat, regardless of source, reduced (P < 0.01) total PUFA, total n-6 PUFA, and PUFA:saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio than control-fed pigs. Dietary FO inclusion decreased (P < 0.01) n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, but also increased total SFA (P < 0.01) and atherogenic index (P = 0.02) in the LL intramuscular fat. ConclusionsAlthough adding 3% CO or FO to pig diets provided slight nutritional bene ts to consumers in terms of MUFA and long chain n-3 PUFA contents, respectively, formulating growing-nishing diets with 1.5% SO was adequate enough in terms of LL intramuscular fatty acids composition for high quality meat destined to human consumption. BackgroundNutritional interventions play a major role in e ciently producing lean, quality pork for processing and storage, including retail display. Apart from being recognized as excellent energy sources, fats comprise a practical dietary strategy for improving pig productivity [1]. Fat-rich diets have been implemented for growing-nishing pigs to decrease voluntary feed intake and improve feed e ciency [2, 3], as well as to alleviate the energy loss as heat increment, especially in heat stress conditions [4]. Additionally, fats are sources of fat-soluble vitamins, essential fatty acids, and may act as signaling molecules [5]. However, feeding supplemental fat to pigs may be limited by the cost effectiveness in least-cost formulation [6].Collectively, all animal products provide 56% of the total fat, 74% of the saturated fatty acids (SFA), 70% of the protein, and 100% of the cholesterol consumed [7]. Dietary guidelines for humans in the last years have focused on limiting ...

Essential oils (EOs) from Citrus are the main by-product of Citrus-processing industries. In addition to food/beverage and cosmetic applications, citrus EOs could also potentially be used as an alternative to antibiotics in food-producing animals. A commercial citrus EO—Brazilian Orange Terpenes (BOT)—was fractionated by vacuum fractional distillation to separate BOT into various fractions: F1, F2, F3, and F4. Next, the chemical composition and biological activities of BOT and its fractions were characterized. Results showed the three first fractions had a high relative amount of limonene (≥10.86), even higher than the whole BOT. Conversely, F4 presented a larger relative amount of BOT’s minor compounds (carvone, cis-carveol, trans-carveol, cis-p-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol, and trans-p-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol) and a very low relative amount of limonene (0.08–0.13). Antibacterial activity results showed F4 was the only fraction exhibiting this activity, which was selective and higher activity on a pathogenic bacterium (E. coli) than on a beneficial bacterium (Lactobacillus sp.). However, F4 activity was lower than BOT. Similarly, F4 displayed the highest antioxidant activity among fractions (equivalent to BOT). These results indicated that probably those minor compounds that detected in F4 would be more involved in conferring the biological activities for this fraction and consequently for the whole BOT, instead of the major compound, limonene, playing this role exclusively.

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The aim of this study was to perform a descriptive analysis (DA) of bacons smoked with woods from reforestation and liquid smokes in order to investigate their sensory profile. Six samples of bacon were selected: three smoked bacons with different wood species (Eucalyptus citriodora, Acacia mearnsii, and Bambusa vulgaris), two artificially smoked bacon samples (liquid smoke) and one negative control (unsmoked bacon). Additionally, a commercial bacon sample was also evaluated. DA was developed successfully, presenting a good performance in terms of discrimination, consensus and repeatability. The study revealed that the smoking process modified the sensory profile by intensifying the "saltiness" and differentiating the unsmoked from the smoked samples. The results from the current research represent the first methodological development of descriptive analysis of bacon and may be used by food companies and other stakeholders to understand the changes in sensory characteristics of bacon due to traditional smoking process.

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