Colour polymorphism is a recurrent feature of natural populations, and its maintenance has been studied in a range of taxa in their native ranges. However, less is known about whether (and how) colour polymorphism is maintained when populations are removed from their native environments, as in the case of introduced species. We here address this issue by analyzing variation in colour patterns in recently-discovered introduced populations of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) in Panama. Specifically, we use classic colour analysis to estimate variation in the number and the relative area of different colour spots across low predation sites in the introduced Panamanian range of the species. We then compare this variation to that found in the native range of the species under low- and high predation regimes. We found aspects of the colour pattern that were both consistent and inconsistent with the classical paradigm of colour evolution in guppies. On one hand, the same colours that dominated in native populations (orange, iridescent and black) were also the most dominant in the introduced populations in Panama. On the other, there were no clear differences between either introduced-low and native low- and high predation populations. Our results are therefore only partially consistent with the traditional role of female preference in the absence of predators, and suggest that additional factors could influence colour patterns when populations are removed from their native environments. Future research on the interaction between female preference and environmental variability (e.g. multifarious selection), could help understand adaptive variation in this widely-introduced species, and the contexts under which variation in adaptive traits parallels (or not) variation in the native range.
Resumen Los políticos, su comportamiento y dinámicas cobran especial relevancia en contexto donde los partidos políticos son débiles y el sistema político presenta poca institucionalización. En este artículo tratamos de conocer los distintos tipos de carrera política de los políticos locales en Perú. Con este objetivo hemos sistematizado y organizado información-provista por el portal Infogob del Jurado Nacional de Elecciones (JNE)-de más de 22 mil políticos locales, quienes iniciaron su carrera política como alcaldes o regidores distritales en tres momentos distintos: 1980, 1993 y 2002. Estos tres hitos representan quiebres importantes en la historia política peruana, por lo que hipotetizamos que generan distintos incentivos, que nos ayuda a explicar la ambición del político local y los diferentes caminos que toma su carrera. Evidenciamos que los cambios institucionales producto de las reformas del proceso de descentralización generan mayores incentivos para que el político local tenga una carrera política progresiva.
La cátedra abierta Fidel Coloma, inaugurada en 2010, nació en el Departamento de Español de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Managua (UNAN–Managua) como un espacio para la exposición, reflexión y debate de temas que contribuyan al enriquecimiento de los estudios literarios, lingüísticos y culturales en general. De manera que la tradición ha sido realizar la cátedra en un auditorio, con un ponente que diserta sobre un tema vinculado con investigaciones culturales, artísticas, filológicas y del habla hispanoamericana en general o nicaragüense en particular.
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