Background: There is a growing evidence of the impact of the current European economic crisis on health. In Spain since 2008 there have been increasing levels of impoverishment and inequality, and important cuts in social services, including per capita spending on healthcare. Aim:The objective is to evaluate the impact of the economic crisis on underweight at birth in Spain. Results and conclusions:Results demonstrate a significant increase in the prevalence of underweight at birth as from 2008. All maternal-foetal categories were affected, including those which showed the lowest prevalence before the crisis. In the full adjusted logistic regression, year-on-year GDP per capita remains predictive on underweight at birth risk, in such a way that the fall in GDP between 2007 and 2012 determined an increase of the OR of underweight at birth by 6.63%. Previous trends in maternal socio-demographic profile and a direct impact of the crisis are discussed to explain the trends described.

adolescence, childhood, life history, menopause, senescence | I N TR ODU C TI ONFor this Centennial Perspective, we write about the ways that historical literature has influenced our own current set of understandings of human physical growth and development and our hypotheses of how the human pattern of growth evolved. Four historical events and premises structure our current approach to understanding growth in the context of human life history:1. the discovery that there exists a constant interplay between evolution with physical growth and development; 2. the recognition of novel features of human growth and development, and several ways these may be organized into a continuum of ontogenetic events; 3. evidence that human life course biology establishes the foundation for the capacity for human culture and biocultural reproduction; 4. the interactive nature of human life course biology with the social, economic, and political environment.For each we discuss the basic ideas we currently deploy and how those came into being, drawing on historical theory and especially on articles published in the AJPA and Yearbook of Physical Anthropology (YPA). At first glance, our four events and premises may seem disparate, but we hope to show that they are interrelated and, essentially, different facets of a common human biology. We do not expect all readers to agree with our approach, but we hope that by laying out our broader theoretical rationale we will stimulate new research. In addition, newer AJPA readers may learn something useful about the career-long process of personal theorybuilding as they plan their own professional life course of research, which is the basis of the discipline as it will be 100 years hence.Our essay is not an exhaustive review, rather it highlights some critical research and scholarship and mentions research by the current authors where appropriate ("all is vanity" Ecclesiastes 1:2). | TH E IN TE RP L A Y B ETWE EN E V OLU TI ON WI TH P HY S I CA L G ROWTH A N D DE V EL OP M EN TThe great lesson that comes from thinking of organisms as life cycles is that it is the life cycle, not just the adult, that evolves (Bonner, 1993, p. 93).The study of biological growth in relation to evolution has a venerable history. D'arcy Thompson (1860Thompson ( -1948 used mathematics and principles of mechanics to show in a formal and scientific manner the physical and geometrical constraints of developmental biology within which evolution could operate (Thompson, 1917). Thompson took issue with natural selection as the only force of evolution and as the primary "lathe of evolution", that is, the process that shapes biological form to any functional adaptation. Instead, he argued that some biolog-

The predominant nocturnal pattern of birth seems to have disappeared in a Spanish highly medicalized population. However, the hallmark of primate nocturnal deliveries is evident when multiple births, malpresentation, Caesarean sections, and vaginal interventions are excluded. Possible consequences of diurnal birth include reduced infant-mother bonding, breast feeding, and later life reductions to health.

is president of the Artist Association of Fengxian District, Shanghai (China). An interview with Li Zhong and a series of paintings on the fight in China against the COVID-19 pandemic area is available in Painting and epidemic.

A sample of 842 rural women from Morocco (Amizmiz, Marrakech) was used to examine the relationship between a number of biosocial variables and fertility patterns. For women still in their reproductive years there were significant correlations between family size and woman's age, age at marriage and years of marriage. Among women with completed families, those with early age at marriage ceased childbearing about 10 years before reaching menopause, while women who married later continued to bear children until the end of their fertile life.

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The results confirm that non-intervened human birth has a clear diurnal cycle, with a higher incidence of deliveries in the early morning or morning. The shift in distribution during the winter and summer solstices seems to confirm the effect of light on the labor process.

Results support the consideration of establishing parity and type of delivery-specific birthweight references. These new charts enable a better evaluation of the impact of the demographic, reproductive and obstetric trends currently in Spain on fetal growth.