Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma produção de alface fertirrigada com águas residuárias de agroindústrias de processamento de carne e leite. As águas foram coletadas após o sistema de tratamento em lagoas de estabilização, o qual é amplamente utilizado por agroindústrias da região oeste do Paraná, Brasil. Desta forma, os objetivos específicos foram a avaliação do desempenho do sistema de fertirrigação por gotejamento pela uniformidade, gráficos de controle e parâmetros físico-químicos, e o desenvolvimento da cultura de alface sob os aspectos de produtividade, teores de nitrato e higiênico-sanitário. Estatisticamente o experimento foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições totalizando 20 parcelas sobre os quais se dispuseram o sistema de fertirrigação constituído por tubos gotejadores do modelo "Chapin". As fertirrigações ocorreram numa concentração de 60 Kg.ha -1 de nitrogênio diluídos na água de irrigação por meio de um injetor Venturi de ¾". Os Coeficientes de uniformidade obtidos nos tratamentos foram em média maiores que 80% e as cartas de controle mostraram que o processo esteve sob controle estatístico. As produções da alface nos tratamentos fertirrigados com efluentes das agroindústrias de carne e leite foram respectivamente de 70,38 ton ha -1 e 59,60 ton ha -1 , estatisticamente equivalente ao fertirrigado pela uréia. Os teores de nitrato obtidos ficaram abaixo dos padrões de referência e os de contaminação microbiológica abaixo dos padrões recomendados pela legislação brasileira.Palavras-chave: coeficiente de uniformidade, controle da qualidade, irrigação localizada, nitrato em hortaliças. JUCHEN, C. R.; SUSZEK, F. L.; VILAS BOAS, M.
SUMMARYIn hydrosedimentology studies the determination of the trace element concentrations at the study site is imperative, since this background can be used to assess the enrichment of sediments with these elements. This enrichment can be the result of the natural process of geological formation or of anthropogenic activities. In the latter case, guidelines are used to indicate the concentrations at which trace elements cause ecotoxicity effects on the environment. Thus, this study used legal reserve areas in the municipality of Toledo, PR, where natural forests are maintained, with no or minimal human interference to establish background levels. The results of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled argon plasma showed that the legal reserves have lower levels of trace elements than other theoretical references, but equivalent concentrations to the safety levels recommended by international guidelines. It was concluded that determining values is fundamental to recommend this background as scientific database for research in the area of hydrosedimentology of this site and also as a way of environmental management of the watershed of this municipality.Index terms: natural heavy metal levels, conservation areas, environmental quality.( RESUMO: UTILIZAÇÃO DE ÁREAS DE RESERVA LEGAL COMO BACKGROUND GEOQUÍMICO EM ESTUDOS HIDROSSEDIMENTOLÓGICOSEm estudos de hidrossedimentologia é imprescindível que se tenha o levantamento dos teores de elementos-traço do local de pesquisa, uma vez que esse background pode ser utilizado para interpretações do enriquecimento desses elementos no local da pesquisa. Esse enriquecimento pode estar relacionado ao processo natural de sua formação geológica ou às ações antropogênicas, sendo nesse último caso utilizado os guidelines, que apresentam as concentrações em que os elementos-traço causam efeitos de ecotoxicidade no ambiente. Assim, este estudo utilizou áreas com florestas naturais denominadas de reserva legal para formação do background do município de Toledo, PR, as quais asseguram condições de nenhuma ou mínima interferência antrópica. Os resultados da espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma de argônio acoplado indutivamente demonstraram que as reservas legais possuem teores de elementos-traço inferiores aos demais referenciais teóricos pesquisados, porém em concentrações equivalentes aos níveis de segurança dos recomendados pelos guidelines internacionais consultados. Concluiu-se que os valores determinados são fundamentais para recomendar esse background como base de dados científicos para pesquisas da área de hidrossedimentologia desse local e também como forma de gerenciamento ambiental da bacia hidrográfica desse município.Termos de indexação: teores naturais de metal pesado, áreas de preservação, qualidade ambiental.
Estudos na área da irrigação têm sido realizados com o objetivo de se racionalizar a utilização da água na agricultura. Um dos problemas mais comum nos sistemas de irrigação por gotejadores é o entupimento de emissores. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar o ácido fosfórico como agente de limpeza de tubos gotejadores sob fertirrigação com cloreto de potássio vermelho. Assim este estudo utilizou um sistema de quimigação de tubos gotejadores conduzidos por gravidade, porém mantendo-se a pressão de entrada com baixa variação, em quatro tratamentos experimentais: irrigação antes da quimigação (T1); fertirrigação com cloreto de potássio vermelho (T2); quimigação com ácido fosfórico (T3); e irrigação depois da quimigação (T4), com seis repetições e tempo médio de uma hora por repetição. Os tratamentos que fertirrigaram soluções em uma concentração de KCl com 60% de potássio foram desobstruídos com ácido fosfórico em uma concentração de 7,086 g L-1, sendo esta operação analisada por coeficientes de uniformidade, gráficos de controle estatístico e mapas de contorno. Observou-se que no manejo de não abrir os finais de linha, os resíduos provenientes da desobstrução causaram um grau de entupimento de 15,13% em média nas linhas dos tubos gotejadores. Os resultados mostraram que o ácido fosfórico pode ser utilizado como agente de limpeza em tubos gotejadores, porém requer manejo adequado do sistema.
The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of trace elements in sediment samples taken from impermeable urban areas of a city with predominantly agroindustrial development characteristics. For this, samples were taken every month from paved streets in the city of Toledo, Paraná State (PR), Brazil. Thus, trace element levels were obtained through analysis performed by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. Levels of total organic carbon were also obtained through the dry combustion method. When compared to local background levels, the trace element levels were shown to be enriched in the following percentage proportions: barium (Ba) (45.4%), copper (Cu) (48.6%), chromium (Cr) (37.2%), manganese (Mn) (81.6%), nickel (Ni) (0%), lead (Pb) (40%), zinc (Zn) (283.7%), magnesium (Mg) (34.3%), and sodium (Na) (250.2%), whereas the carbon (C) percentages were around 1%. The most significant enrichment factors occurred for Ba, Cr, Pb, Zn, Mg, and Na. The highest rates occurred in geoaccumulation where the sediments were enriched by zinc. According to the principal guidelines, the concentrations obtained for cadmium (Cd), Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn can cause adverse environmental impacts.
This study aimed to demonstrate how quickly sediments can move in the urban environment carrying concentrations of trace elements adsorbed. To achieve this goal, the concentration of trace elements (Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb) in the street and river sediments were determined in two micro-hydrographic basins of Toledo city in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The methodology used suitable equipment for the sediments collected, and the analytical determination was performed only with sediments fractions smaller than 63 µm by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results of trace element concentrations were submitted to a correlational statistical analysis, evaluating the rainfall influence in the movement of these sediments. The study concluded that trace elements are adsorbed by street's sediments and quickly carried by surface flow to the rivers that drain these areas. This process was facilitated by waterproofed surfaces. Therefore, the study showed that monitoring must be systematic to observe the mobility of trace elements in urban environments.
Abstract:This study aimed to determine the granulometric and mineralogical composition and the Cr, Ni and Pb trace element content in sediments collected from impermeable streets located in the urban perimeter of Toledo, PR, Brazil. The mineralogical analyses were performed by a diffractometer, the granulometric analyses by integrated sieving methods and laser diffraction, and the analyses of the trace elements in quartered fractions of the sediments were carried out by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES). It was concluded that the sediments had an average granulometry greater than 0.09 mm, with finer fractions represented by clay. The mineralogy identified ferruginous substances characteristic of Distroferric Red Latosol DRL, with a high presence of quartz and diopside. Statistically, it was shown that the sediment samples were significantly enriched with the trace elements Chromium and Nickel in the central area streets and with Lead in lower concentrations in the streets in the peripheral areas. The sediments have an average particle diameter greater than 0.09 mm, represented by sand, with fine sediments representing 2 to 6% of the samples. The software indicated that the sediments are from different anthropogenic sources. The diffractograms show peaks for quartz and diopside. Enrichment by trace elements was significant for chromium and nickel in the downtown area streets.
This study performed a multivariate analysis about the water quality of rivers that go across the urban perimeter of Toledo -PR. For this study five rivers were chosen, where the physicochemical data of the water was collected as sediment samples to determine the amounts of copper and zinc with the use of spectrometry of optical emission with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES). The results showed that the physicochemical parameters were influenced by the contribution of anthropic pollution and explained the desorption of copper and zinc from the river bottom sediments. The control graphs demonstrated some results outside control limits, however the most part results inside the limits do not represent the best parameters of water quality. Therefore, it was concluded that the technique used is one relevant tool to interpret the behaviour of physicochemical parameters, allowing that the quality of water of rivers may be monitored.Keywords: limits framing of water bodies; pollution in rivers; heavy metals in sediments. Analysis of urban rivers' water quality using multivariate approach 31Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Boas, M.A.V., Poleto, C., Juchen, R.T. and Juchen, C.R. (2016) 'Analysis of urban rivers' water quality using multivariate approach', Int.
This study aimed to determine the granulometric and mineralogical composition and the contents of trace elements Cr, Ni and Pb in sediments collected in impermeable streets located in the urban perimeter of Toledo PR, Brazil. The mineralogical analyses were performed by a diffractometer, the granulometric by integrated sieving methods and laser diffraction, trace elements in sediment quartered fractions by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES). It was concluded that the sediments with an average granulometric greater than 0.09 mm and finer fractions represented by the clay. The mineralogy identified ferruginous substances characteristics of Distroferric Red Latosol - DRL with high presence of quartz and diopside. Statistically it was shown that the concentrations of the trace elements in sediment samples had a significant enrichment for Chromium and Nickel in the central area’s streets and the Lead in lower concentrations in the streets of the periphery areas. The sediments have an average particle size with diameters greater than 0.09 mm, represented by sand, and the fine sediments represent 2 to 6% of samples. The software indicated that the sediments are from different anthropogenic sources. The diffractograms show peaks for quartz and diopside. The enrichment for trace elements was significant for chromium and nickel on the downtown area streets.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.