Background/Objective:Adipokines are involved in the etiology of diabetes, insulin resistance, and the development of atherosclerosis and other latent-onset complications. The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of exercise interventions on adipokines in pediatric obesity.Subjects/Methods:A computerized search was made using three databases. The analysis was restricted to studies that examined the effect of exercise interventions on adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin) in pediatric obesity (6–18 years old). Fourteen randomized controlled trials (347 youths) were included. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.Results:Exercise was associated with a significant increase in adiponectin (WMD=0.882 μg ml−1, 95% CI, 0.271–1.493) but did not alter leptin and resistin level. Likewise, exercise intensity and change in body fat; as well as total exercise program duration, duration of the sessions, and change in body fat all significantly influenced the effect of exercise on adiponectin and leptin, respectively.Conclusions:Exercise seems to increase adiponectin levels in childhood obesity. Our results also suggested that exercise on its own, without the concomitant presence of changes in body composition levels, does not affect leptin levels.

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Sedentarism, overweight and malnutrition generate an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species leading to a state of chronic oxidative stress. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress alters pancreatic insulin secretion and the actions of the hormone on target cells, contributing to the development of micro and macrovascular complications. During physical exertion a state of transient oxidative stress occurs. As a consequence, the organism generates multiple physiological adaptations to these repetitive stimuli. Physical exercise is beneficial for type 2 diabetes mellitus but there is a paucity of information about the effects of physical exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with the disease. We herein try to elucidate if the effects of exercise on oxidative stress can help in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and which is the most effective modality of physical exercise to reduce oxidative stress markers.

Despite the fact that both training groups show improvements over markers of lipid profile and fitness, high intensity interval training has shown to be more effective in the normalization of oxidative stress, impacting positively on the concentration of pro-oxidant markers and antioxidants.

Pomegranate peel is an agro-industrial residue obtained after fruit processing with high total polyphenol (TP) content, making it an attractive by-product for its reuse. Pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and its bioactive compounds have shown positive effects on obesity models. Effects on favouring mitochondrial biogenesis and function have also been described. However, once phenolic compounds are extracted, their stability can be affected by diverse factors. Microencapsulation could improve PPE stability, allowing its incorporation into functional foods. Nevertheless, studies on the potential biological effects of PPE microparticles (MPPE) in obesity models are lacking. This study aims to evaluate the effect of MPPE on BAT mitochondrial structure and function and metabolic alterations related to obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). PPE was microencapsulated by spray drying using inulin (IN) as a wall material and physically-chemically characterized. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n=40) were randomly distributed into five groups: control diet (CD), HFD, HFD+IN, HFD+PPE (50 mg/kg/d TP), and HFD+MPPE (50 mg/kg/d TP), for 14 weeks. A glucose tolerance test and indirect calorimetry were conducted. Blood and adipose tissue samples were obtained. MPPE supplementation prevented HFD-induced body weight gain (p<0.001), fasting glycemia (p=0.007), and total cholesterol rise (p=0.001). MPPE resulted in higher BAT mitochondrial complex IV activity (p=0.03) and prevented HFD-induced mitochondrial cristae alteration (p=0.02). In conclusion, MPPE prevented HFD-induced excessive body weight gain and associated metabolic disturbances, potentially by activating complex IV activity and preserving mitochondrial cristae structure in BAT in mice fed with an HFD.

: Aging is defined as the functional loss of tissues and organs over time. This is a biological, irreversible, progressive, and universal process that results from genetic and environmental factors, such as diet, physical activity, smoking, harmful alcohol consumption, and exposure to toxins, among others. Aging is a consequence of molecular and cellular damage built up over time. This damage begins with a gradual decrease in physical and mental capacity, thus increasing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Neuronal, functional, and structural damage can be explained by an imbalance among free radicals, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and antioxidants, which finally lead to oxidative stress. Due to the key role of free radicals, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species, antioxidant therapy may reduce the oxidative damage associated with neurodegeneration. Exogenous antioxidants are molecules that may help maintain the balance between the formation and elimination of free radicals, thus protecting the cell from their toxicity. Among them, polyphenols are a broad group of secondary plant metabolites with potent antioxidant properties. Here, we review several studies that show the potential role of polyphenol consumption to prevent, or slow down, harmful oxidative processes linked to neurodegenerative disorders.

Introducción: El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad es una condición que se asocia a inatención, hiperactividad e impulsividad y puede persistir hasta la edad adulta incidiendo en el deterioro social, académico y funcional. El ejercicio físico ha demostrado ser favorable para generar cambios positivos en la persona que padece cualquier enfermedad, mejorando así su calidad de vida. Sin embargo, los juegos deportivos no tienen un consenso como herramienta terapéutica en este trastorno. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar el efecto de los juegos pre deportivos en niños y adolescentes entre 5 y 18 años con trastornos de déficit atencional e hiperactividad, en la impulsividad, inatención, hiperactividad y autocontrol a través de una revisión a la literatura. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda en distintas bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, WoS y Scielo (artículos en inglés y español) con las palabras clave ("Child" OR "Adolescent") AND ("Sport") AND ("attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity" OR "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"). Se incluyeron artículos desde el año 2010 hasta el 2020 y se realizó con fecha 10 de diciembre del 2020. Resultados: De un total de 392 artículos encontrados en las bases de datos, sólo cinco artículos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y de exclusión, de los cuales tres artículos muestran mejoras en el comportamiento social, dos muestran mejoras en la agresividad, mientras que en la variable de hiperactividad, un artículo mostró mejoras significativas mientras que otro no. Conclusión: Las actividades físico deportivas colectivos o grupales, proporcionan beneficios a los estudiantes que padecen Trastorno de déficit atención e hiperactividad. Abstract: Introduction: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity is a disorder associated with inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity and can persist into adulthood, affecting social, academic and functional deterioration. Physical exercise has proven to be favorable for generating positive changes in the person suffering from any disease, thus improving their quality of life. However, sports games do not have a consensus as a therapeutic tool in this disorder. Objective: The objective of this research is to determine the effect of pre-sport games in children and adolescents between 5 and 18 years old with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity on impulsivity, inattention, hyperactivity and self-control through a review of the literature. Methodology: A search was carried out in different databases PubMed, Scopus, WoS and Scielo (articles in English and Spanish) with the keywords ('Child' OR 'Adolescent') AND ('Sport') AND ('attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity 'OR' Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder '). Articles were included from 2010 to 2020 and it was carried out on December 10, 2020. Results: Out of a total of 392 articles found in the databases, only five articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, of which three articles show improvements in social behavior, two show improvements in aggressiveness, while in the variable of hyperactivity, one article showed significant improvements while another did not. Conclusion: Individual or group physical sports activities provide benefits to students who suffer from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

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