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ResumenSe determinó el efecto de las estrategias de afrontamiento (WOC) en los síntomas de estrés post-traumático (PTSD) ante un evento estresante común para 304 personas (Chile, terremoto 27 de febrero de 2010), mediante la aplicación del Ways of Coping Questionnaire y de la Davidson Scale of Trauma. Los resultados muestran 4 modelos de regresión lineal múltiple significativos que explican el total y los 3 tipos de síntomas del PTSD a partir de las WOC evitación y resolución de problemas. Sin embargo, un primer modelo integrado mediante ecuaciones estructurales no obtuvo buenos índices de ajuste. Se concluye con un modelo integrado alternativo que presenta muy buenos índices de ajuste. Finalmente se entregan explicaciones basadas en neuroimágenes y covert conditioning, además de reflexiones sobre prevención y prevalencia del PTSD.Palabras clave: Estrategias de afrontamiento, estrés post-traumático, terremoto, tsunami, desastres. AbstractThe effect of the ways of coping (WOC) in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a stressing event common to a sample of 304 people (Chile, earthquake February, 27 2010) was determined through the application of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire and the Davidson Scale of Trauma. The results show 4 significant Regression Multiple Linear models explaining the total and the 3 types of PTSD symptoms through WOC such as avoidance and problem solution. However, a first integrated model through structural equations did not attain good fit indexes. The study has been concluded with an alternative integrated model presenting very good adjustment indexes (CMIN/DF=.058, RMSEA=.000, NFI=.999, CFI=.999 and PNFI=.100). Finally, explanations based on neuroimages and covert conditioning are provided along with reflections on the prevention and prevalence of the PTSD.

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The rapid internationalization of business can be a very important factor in their development, so that they can then become established companies that create more jobs and develop innovation. Through the observation of a group of Chilean SMEs, this paper aims to verify compliance with the accelerated internationalization theory developed by Oviatt and McDougall (1994) for Chile. Analyzing a sample of 112 SMEs it could be shown that in the case of Chile, there are factors proposed in the literature, such as support networks, the size of the company and the technological level of the industry, that not necessarily accelerate the internationalization strategy. Moreover, the impact of psychic distance and previous experience are be factors to accelerate the search for international markets. From these results, it is suggested that policy makers should focus more on strengthening the human capital of individual entrepreneurs, instead of institutional aspects

The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, it analyses the relationship between optimism about the emergence of future entrepreneurial opportunities and the length of the entrepreneurial experience; second, it aims to identify the external factors that can moderate this relationship.Our empirical analysis is conducted on a cross-national sample of 450,000 individuals drawn from the Adult Population Survey (APS), which is collected by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) consortium and covers the period from 2009 to 2011. Our results find an inverted U-shaped relationship between the length of the entrepreneurial experience and our indicator of optimism. Additionally, the relationship between optimism and length of entrepreneurial experience is conditioned by a set of external-factor moderators, such as social capital and the individuals' perception of how valued entrepreneurship is as a career choice in their country.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a model suggesting that innovation may act as a motivating force that increases entrepreneurs’ growth expectations, in which entrepreneurs’ growth expectations are shaped by their subjective values and entrepreneurial experience moderates this relationship. Design/methodology/approach This paper conducts statistical analysis on a sample of 11,579 entrepreneurs from 24 countries who participated in the IIIP survey of innovation in 2011 under the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project. Findings The results suggest that entrepreneurs involved in innovative entrepreneurship are more likely to have higher growth expectations, with subjective values playing a direct and indirect role in entrepreneurs’ expectations of firm growth. Additionally, the results indicate that the duration of entrepreneurial experience moderates the relationship between strategic orientation and confidence in innovation. This finding suggests there is feedback between having beliefs about the benefits of innovation and being an innovative entrepreneur, resulting in an over-estimation – at least in comparative terms – regarding firm growth rates. This relationship is stronger for novice entrepreneurs since experienced entrepreneurs tend to be more cautious about their expectations of growing. Originality/value This study deepens our understanding of the complex processes through which organizational-level decisions ultimately influence individual-level factors. The present findings contribute to progress in this task by suggesting that strategies aimed at cultivating innovation feed entrepreneurs’ subjective values of innovation as well as expectations of growth. Although the duration of entrepreneurial experience moderates the relationship between acting as an innovative entrepreneur and subjective values of innovation, the results suggest that entrepreneurs’ expectations are primarily driven by their internal perceptions of reality.

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