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The control of groundwater abstraction from coastal aquifers is typically aimed at minimizing the risk of seawater intrusion, excessive storage depletion and adverse impacts on groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Published approaches to the operational management of groundwater abstraction from regulated coastal aquifers comprise elements of "trigger-level management" and "flux-based management". 1832 A.D. Werner et al.Trigger-level management relies on measured groundwater levels, groundwater salinities and/or ecosystem health indicators, which are compared to objective values (trigger levels), thereby invoking management responses (e.g. pumping cutbacks). Flux-based management apportions groundwater abstraction rates based on estimates of aquifer recharge and discharge (including environmental water requirements). This paper offers a critical evaluation of coastal aquifer management paradigms using published coastal aquifer case studies combined with a simple evaluation of the Uley South coastal aquifer, South Australia. There is evidence that trigger-level management offers advantages over flux-based approaches through the evaluation of real-time resource conditions and trends, allowing for management responses aimed at protecting against water quality deterioration and excessive storage depletion. However, flux-based approaches are critical for planning purposes, and are required to predict aquifer responses to climatic and pumping stresses. A simplified modelling analysis of the Uley South basin responses to different management strategies demonstrates the advantages of considering a hybrid management approach that includes both trigger-level and flux-based controls. It is recommended that where possible, trigger-level and flux-based approaches be adopted conjunctively to minimize the risk of coastal groundwater degradation and to underpin strategies for future aquifer management and well-field operation.

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Monitoring is critical for effective groundwater management, especially in systems with competing groundwater interests, such as the Great Artesian Basin's (GAB) Surat Basin (~180,000 km 2) in Queensland, Australia. Coal seam gas (CSG) activities in the region have led to public concerns about potential impacts on groundwater and to landholder complaints about impacts on boreholes. To deal with these issues, the Queensland Government established the Groundwater Net and Groundwater Online citizen-science monitoring programs, which started in 2013 and were fully operational by 2018. Groundwater Net is a community-based education and groundwater monitoring program in which over 500 landholders across 16 local groups have attended workshops and provided over 1,000 groundwater-level/pressure readings from their boreholes using the My Groundwater Monitoring website. Annual workshops provide a forum to share and discuss monitoring results and knowledge. Regularly updated status reports compare monitoring data from CSG companies and the government with landholder data. Groundwater Online is a complimentary program using continuous-monitoring loggers and telemetry on 46 private boreholes. Citizen science now provides 13% of GAB monitoring boreholes in the CSG area. By effectively engaging with borehole owners, and empowering them to monitor, many opportunities arise for better groundwater management. Consequently, the spatial reach of groundwater monitoring and its frequency have increased, landholders are educated about groundwater systems, and borehole owners generally feel more confident about monitoring conducted by CSG companies and government.

New lines of evidence suggest that less than 10% of neurodegenerative diseases have a strict genetic aetiology and other factors may be prevalent. Environmental exposures to potentially toxic elements appear to be a risk factor for Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and sclerosis diseases. This study proposes a multidisciplinary approach combining neurosciences, psychology and environmental sciences while integrating socio-economic, neuropsychological, environmental and health data. We present the preliminary results of a neuropsychological assessment carried out in elderly residents of the industrial city of Estarreja. A battery of cognitive tests and a personal questionnaire were administered to the participants. Multivariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to identify potential relationships between the cognitive status of the participants and environmental exposure to potentially toxic elements. The results suggest a relationship between urinary PTEs levels and the incidence of cognitive disorders. They also point towards water consumption habits and profession as relevant factors of exposure. Linear regression models show that aluminium (R = 38%), cadmium (R = 11%) and zinc (R = 6%) are good predictors of the scores of the Mini-Mental State Examination cognitive test. Median contents (µg/l) in groundwater are above admissible levels for drinking water for aluminium (371), iron (860), manganese (250), and zinc (305). While the World Health Organization does not provide health-based reference values for aluminium, results obtained from this study suggest that it may have an important role in the cognitive status of the elderly. Urine proved to be a suitable biomarker of exposure both to elements with low and high excretion rates.

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