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The relationships between clients, headhunters, and candidates during the executive search process has not been researched using agency theory as the theoretical framework. This is puzzling, as the existence of common objectives and information asymmetries between these three parties make agency theory an ideal one to explain the interactions between them. We addressed this gap by developing six testable propositions for researchers. Practitioners may also benefit from the study as understanding the human assumptions in the process of executive recruitment may help increase the chances of achieving positive outcomes.

Enterprise-level small businesses have been a critical contributor to the U.S. economy and employment. Small businesses accounted for 67% of the net new jobs during the recovery from the 2009 to 2011 economic recession. Recognizing the employment opportunities from enterprise-level small businesses during the high unemployment time allowed higher education institutions to emphasize enhancing entrepreneurship among their students. Multiple scholars have called for more in-depth evaluations on entrepreneurial intention because it predicts whether a student will become an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurial orientation (risk-taking, innovation, and proactive) is the commonly agreeable antecedent of entrepreneurial intentions. This study collected 315 valid responses from a comprehensive mid-U.S. university with more than 40% enrollment from rural communities to evaluate how the perceived internal and external barriers influence students’ entrepreneurial orientations. The results of the Multivariate Regression Analysis indicated that overall, how students perceived internal and external barriers influenced their entrepreneurial orientations in both innovativeness and risk-taking aspects. Furthermore, entrepreneurship is particularly important in the rural community. The results revealed significant differences between students who were raised in rural areas and those who were not raised in rural areas regarding how perceived internal and external barriers impact their entrepreneurship orientations.

This article describes an exercise that develops students’ capacity to identify ethical dilemmas, apply ethical frameworks, and consider ethical issues from multiple perspectives. The exercise consists of five interrelated activities that take place over the course of several weeks, with the central activity being a panel discussion featuring businesspeople from the local community. The exercise provides opportunities for students to work as a class, in small groups, and individually, and its culmination is a reflective essay that helps students internalize core concepts about business ethics. The exercise can be executed in a face-to-face class or a synchronous online environment.

PurposeThe aim of this article is to describe Huawei's internationalization process in Venezuela and show how socio-political and economic conditions helped to expedite the company's development in this Latin American nation between 2006 and 2019. Through this internationalization process, Huawei participated in a large technological transition in Venezuelan telecommunications.Design/methodology/approachThis research uses an integrative approach, developing a quasi-case study from a review of the academic literature, contemporary news stories and institutional and practitioner documents.FindingsThe review indicates that Huawei was engaged in business with the Venezuelan phone company before its renationalization. Secondly, Huawei's internationalization was a beneficiary of the increased relations between the Venezuelan and Chinese governments, mainly through “oil for loans/goods” agreements. Lastly, this internationalization process includes wholly owned subsidiaries, direct export, greenfield and government joint ventures.Practical implicationsThis research provides an understanding to other firms and strategists about the benefits of strong bilateral economic relationships between home and host countries.Originality/valueThis paper is among the first academic articles that describe the internationalization process of Huawei in Venezuela. Considering the host country's changing political and economic conditions during the last 20 years, such research may provide a perspective for considering other Chinese business expansions in Venezuela and Latin America.

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PurposeThis study investigates the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), total quality management (TQM), and corporate sustainability (CS). Specifically, the authors propose that TQM mediates the relationship between OCB and CS. The authors intend to demonstrate that TQM practice may be able to balance the interests of all stakeholders and hence improve the performance of all three CS elements, namely economic, social and environmental.Design/methodology/approachThe authors designed a survey questionnaire. The authors then collected data from managers that were in charge of quality control in 216 companies. Hypotheses were developed and regression and path analyses were used to test the hypotheses.FindingsOCB has a positive effect on both TQM and CS. TQM also is positively related to CS. Further, TQM mediates the relationship between OCB and CS. Further analyses show that the full mediation only applies to economic aspects of CS but not social and environmental.Practical implicationsCompanies that aim to achieve overall CS performance should not only encourage OCB in an organization, but also pay attention to TQM. Moreover, when deciding on hard and soft TQM, the priority should be given to hard TQM.Originality/valueThe authors investigate the relationship between OCB, TQM and CS in detail. The authors treat TQM in two elements of soft TQM and hard TQM while treating CS performance in three elements of economic, social and environmental performances. The authors further examine how both hard and soft TQM impacts CS performance differently.

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