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The hydrometallurgical extraction of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) was investigated. LIBs were first dismantled and a fraction rich in the active material was obtained by physical separation, containing 95% of the initial electrode, 2% of the initial steel and 22% of plastic materials. Several reducers were tested to improve metals dissolution in the leaching step using sulphuric acid. Sodium metabisulphite led to the best results and was studied in more detail. The best concentration of NaSO was 0.1 M. The metals dissolution increased with acid concentration, however, concentrations higher than 1.25 M are unnecessary. Best results were reached using a stirring speed of 400 min. The metals leaching efficiency from the active material (Li, Mn, Ni, Co) increased with the temperature and was above 80% for temperatures higher than 60 °C. The dissolution of metals also rose with the increase in the liquid/solid ratio (L/S), however, extractions above 85% can be reached at L/S as lower as 4.5 L/kg, which is favourable for further purification and recovery operations. About 90% of metals extraction can be achieved after only 0.5 h of leaching. Sodium metabisulphite can be an alternative reducer to increase the leaching of Li, Mn, Co, and Ni from spent LIBs.

Objective: To evaluate the dentoskeletal changes of Class II malocclusion treatment with the Twin Force Bite Corrector (TFBC). Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 86 lateral cephalograms obtained from 43 subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion; the subjects were divided into two groups. The experimental group comprised 23 patients with a mean initial age of 12.11 years who were treated with the TFBC for a mean period of 2.19 years. The control group included 40 lateral cephalograms from 20 Class II nontreated patients, with an initial mean age of 12.55 years and a mean observation period of 2.19 years. The lateral cephalograms were evaluated before and after orthodontic treatment in group 1 and in the beginning and end of the observation period in group 2. t-Tests were used to compare the initial and final cephalometric characteristics of the groups as well as the amount of change. Results: The experimental group presented greater maxillary growth restriction and mandibular retrusion than the control group, as well as greater maxillomandibular relationship improvement and greater labial tipping of the mandibular incisors. The results also showed a greater decrease in overbite and overjet in the experimental group, and there were no statistically significant differences in the craniofacial growth pattern between groups. Conclusions: The TFBC promotes restriction of anterior maxillary displacement without significant changes in mandibular length and position and improvement of maxillomandibular relationship without changes in facial growth and significant buccal tipping of mandibular incisors. Class II correction with the TFBC occurred primarily as a result of dentoalveolar changes.

Objective: To determine the association between breastfeeding self-efficacy and sociodemographic and obstetric factors of adolescents. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out at a public maternity in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Data were collected from January to July 2014 using the Brazilian version of Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale that evaluated the breastfeeding self-efficacy. Results: Higher levels of self-efficacy were associated with the following variables: to be supported by mother or mother-in-law after delivery (p=0.0083), breastfeeding in the first hour of life (p=0.0244) and exclusively breastfeeding upon data collection (p=0.0148). Conclusion: The support of mother and mother-in-law received by puerperal women, to breastfeed within the first our and exclusively breastfeed during the admission period in the nursing ward influenced levels of breastfeeding self-efficacy among adolescent puerperal. ResumoObjetivo: Verificar a associação entre a autoeficácia na amamentação e os fatores sociodemográficos e obstétricos das adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo, desenvolvido no alojamento conjunto de uma maternidade pública no município de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados no período de janeiro a julho de 2014, utilizando a versão brasileira da Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES) que avaliou a autoeficácia na amamentação. Resultados: Os níveis de autoeficácia mais elevados estavam associados às variáveis: ter apoio da mãe ou da sogra no pós-parto (p=0,0083), amamentar na primeira hora de vida (p=0,0244) e estar em aleitamento materno exclusivo no momento da coleta de dados (p=0,0148). Conclusão: O apoio da mãe ou da sogra recebido pela puérpera, a amamentação na primeira hora de vida e a prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo durante o período de admissão no alojamento conjunto, influenciaram os níveis de autoeficácia na amamentação entre as puérperas adolescentes.influenciaram os níveis de autoeficácia na amamentação entre as puérperas adolescentes.

Objective: To verify the association between breastfeeding self-efficacy of adolescent mothers and length of exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: Longitudinal and prospective study. The Brazilian version of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale was used to evaluate breastfeeding self-efficacy, and a questionnaire was administered through telephone contact at 30, 60 and 180 days postpartum to evaluate child feeding. Results: Of the participants, 56.90% presented a high level of breastfeeding self-efficacy. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was of 62% at 30 days, 52.59% at 60 days and 16% at 180 days postpartum. There was no significant association between confidence and length of exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion: Confidence was not a predictive factor in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among adolescent mothers. However, there is an evident need for new strategies so that adolescents who have complications in these periods are embraced and helped. ResumoObjetivo: Verificar a associação entre a autoeficácia na amamentação de mães adolescentes e a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal e prospectivo. Para avaliação da autoeficácia na amamentação foi utilizada a versão brasileira da Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale na maternidade, e para avaliação da alimentação da criança foi aplicado um questionário, por meio de contato telefônico, com 30, 60 e 180 dias pós-parto. Resultados: 56,90% das participantes apresentaram alto nível de autoeficácia para amamentar. A prevalência AME foi de 62% em 30 dias, 52,59% em 60 dias e 16% em 180 dias pós-parto. Não houve associação significativa entre a confiança com a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Conclusão: A confiança não foi um fator preditivo da prevalência do aleitamento materno exclusivo. entre as mães adolescentes. No entanto, evidencia-se a necessidade de novas estratégias para que as adolescentes que passam por intercorrências nestes períodos sejam acolhidas e auxiliadas.

Objective: to analyze the relationship between maternal self-efficacy to breastfeed and sociodemographic, obstetric, and neonatal variables; between the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and sociodemographic variables; and between the breastfeeding self-efficacy and the duration of exclusive breastfeeding at the intervals of 30, 60, and 180 days postpartum. Method: a longitudinal and prospective study conducted with 224 women. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale – Short Form, and a questionnaire on breastfeeding and child feeding were used for collecting the data. Fisher’s exact test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test were used for analysis. Results: there was no association between breastfeeding self-efficacy and the duration of exclusive breastfeeding identified at 30, 60, and 180 days. Self-efficacy was associated with the type of delivery and complications in the postpartum period. There was also an association between religion and exclusive breastfeeding 30 and 60 days postpartum, and assistance with baby care and exclusive breastfeeding at 60 days. Conclusion: It was identified that the type of delivery, complications in the postpartum period, religion, and assistance with baby care corroborate to increase maternal confidence in the ability to breastfeed.

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