Two case reports of patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection who developed leprosy are presented. Both developed type 1 leprosy reactions in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Reactions have been described for a number of HIV-1-and Mycobacterium leprae-coinfected patients and have been considered to be part of an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) since the reactions were usually linked to the administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy. The reports of our two patients suggest that the type 1 reactions in patients with leprosy and HIV may not always be an IRIS manifestation but may be akin to the classical reactional state described for the natural course of leprosy infection, which occurs in leprosy patients due to the fluctuations of the antimycobacterial immune response, whether they are coinfected with HIV or not. CASE REPORT Case 1. The first patient, a 36-year-old woman, had a 2-year history of erythema, edema, and paresthesia on the right cheek. On examination, an infiltrated, erythematous plaque on the right malar region with altered thermal sensitivity was seen (Fig. 1A). Leprosy and lupus erythematosus were considered in the differential diagnosis. The laboratory investigation for the latter was negative, but Mitsuda's reaction was positive, and the lesion's histopathology showed a chronic granulomatous nodular dermatitis with edema permeating the inflammatory infiltrate (Fig. 2A). Staining for alcohol-acid-fast bacilli (AAFB) (Fite-Faraco) and fungi (Grocott) was negative. The diagnosis of borderline tuberculoid leprosy with a type 1 leprosy reaction was made. Further tests showed that the patient was human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and in the eighth week of pregnancy. The viral load was undetectable, and the CD4 ϩ T-cell count was 120/mm 3 . Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was initiated (zidovudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine) during the fourth month of pregnancy and maintained until after delivery. At the same time, the patient was treated for paucibacillary leprosy for a period of 6 months, using the WHO guidelines for the therapy of this disease, after which the lesion had significantly improved. There were no detectable complications during the pregnancy. At postpartum, the plasma viral load was still undetectable, and the CD4 ϩ T-cell count was up to 301/mm 3 . Three months after delivery and 2 months after cessation of leprosy therapy, the lesion presented signs of activity again, and the patient was started on a 6-month treatment with prednisone, at 20 mg/day initially and then gradually reduced to 5 mg/day. The patient retained some paresthesia and mild erythema on the right cheek only; histopathology showed a chronic granulomatous infiltrate with neural "aggression," with negative staining for AAFB and fungi. The neonate was given zidovudine and did well, with an undetectable viral load and a normal CD4 ϩ T-cell count. He remained free of any skin lesion for the first year of life.Case 2. The second patient, a...
RESUMO: Assinala-se foco de malária instalado no período de fevereiro a abril de 1984, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A transmissão teve início a partir de fonte de infecção desconhecida, em área periurbana do município de Panorama. Foram diagnosticados 10 casos, todos devidos a Plasmodium falciparum, variando o intervalo entre o aparecimento dos sintomas e o diagnóstico de 2 a 22 dias, tendo sido encontradas duas espécies transmissoras da malária: Anopheles (N) darlingi e Anopheles (N) albitarsis. São descritas a medidas que levaram à eliminação do foco destacando-se a detecção de um caso através da coleta de lâminas de investigação (gota espessa) entre 1236 moradores da área. O aparecimento desse foco permitiu avaliar o risco potencial da reintrodução da malária no Estado de São Paulo e intensificar as medidas de vigilância epidemiológica em áreas vulneráveis/receptivas.
AIDS patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure improve oxygenation in response to a progressive sequential elevation of PEEP (up to 15 cm H(2)O). However, corresponding elevations in P(aCO(2)) limit the recommended level of PEEP to 10 cm H(2)O. At a level of 5 cm H(2)O, PSV promotes an improvement in the subjective sensation of dyspnea regardless of the PEEP level employed.
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