No âmbito das ciências sociais e humanas, incluindo a psicologia, não tem sido dada a devida atenção à metodologia Q. Trata‑sede uma metodologia com procedimentos apropriados ao estudo de conceitos subjectivos como crenças, atitudes, comportamentos e opiniões e cuja eficácia implica uma grande habilidade e rigor por parte do investigador. Os participantes Q são cuidadosamente seleccionados de forma a constituírem uma amostra de participantes relevantes para a discussão do tema em questão. A análise e tratamento de dados é um processo objectivo e quantitativo, que auxilia a clarificação de alguns dos conceitos estudados no campo das ciências sociais e do comportamento, ao mesmo tempo que integra as metodologias quantitativa e qualitativa numa relação de complementaridade. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17575/rpsicol.v25i2.285
Research has shown that during the COVID-19 pandemic, there were significant changes in sleep quality and dream activity. An increase in dream and nightmare recall frequency and a predominance of aversive emotional and phantasmatic dream content were recorded. The objective of the study was to analyze the pandemic's socio-occupational, psychological and experiential impact, focusing on sleep quality, dream/nightmare recall, and the emotional content of dreams in a sample of Portugal’s adult resident population. Online data collection involved 1,020 adults ≥ 18 years (67.1% women). The research protocol included several questions regarding demographics, subjective experience of the pandemic, and its perceived impact on respondents’ personal social networks, sleep habits, and dream content. The pandemic substantially affected participants’ social interactions and mental health, with 17.2% reporting the death of a significant person. Overall sleep quality decreased during the pandemic, whereas dream/nightmare recall increased, and 27% of the respondents dreamed about COVID-19, reporting negative emotions and sensations in these dreams. Higher dream/nightmare recall was especially related to changes in sleep patterns, namely, increased nocturnal awakenings and sleep latency. Younger people, those belonging to a high-risk group, those reporting a higher subjective concern about the pandemic, those experiencing the death of a significant person, and those with self-reported employment and mental health problems were more likely to dream about COVID-19. Our findings add to psychological sleep and dream research regarding the function of dreams during collective stressful events. Considering the significant connection among mental health, sleep patterns, and dream content, research and clinical implications are discussed.
ResumoEste estudo teve como objetivo identificar fatores preditores da segurança do apego das crianças. O estudo foi conduzido numa amostra comunitária de mães de 288 crianças em idade escolar, distribuídas por três grupos de acordo com a tipologia familiar (famílias nucleares, monoparentais e reconstituídas). As mães avaliaram o seu estilo educativo (EMBU-P) e os comportamentos de apego dos filhos (PCV-M). Os resultados evidenciaram uma correlação positiva entre as perceções maternas dos comportamentos de apego dos filhos e de suporte emocional e uma correlação negativa entre esta mesma variável e a rejeição materna. O modelo preditor da segurança do apego identificou como preditores a rejeição e o suporte emocional maternos, não se verificando o poder preditivo do tipo de família. Palavras-chave: Criança, segurança do apego, segurança da vinculação, estilo educativo materno; tipo de família. AbstractThis study aims to identify predictive factors of children's secure attachment. The study was conducted in a community-based sample of 288 mothers of school-aged children distributed in three groups accordingly to their family type (nuclear, single-parent and reconstituted family). The mothers assessed their own rearing style (EMBU-P) as well as their children's attachment behaviors (PCV-M). The results showed a positive correlation between mothers' perception of emotional support and the quality of their children's attachment behaviors, and a negative correlation between the latter variable and maternal rejection. The predictive model of attachment security identified maternal rejection and emotional support as predictors, whilst family type showed no predictive power. Keywords: Children, attachment security, maternal rearing style, family type. Na literatura podemos encontrar diversas abordagens da parentalidade, que realçam diferentes construtos teó-ricos. Algumas teorias da parentalidade abordam o processo de socialização da criança. Uma das áreas mais desenvolvidas da parentalidade é o estudo dos estilos educativos parentais, que engloba a relação emocional estabelecida entre pais e filhos, os sistemas de crenças, as práticas educativas e os comportamentos dos pais (Darling & Steinberg, 1993;Dishion & McMahon, 1998). Segundo esta abordagem o comportamento parental deve contemplar duas dimensões: (a) de natureza afetiva, caracterizada pela presença de responsividade, suporte e afeto parental, e (b) de tipo instrumental, na qual o controlo e a disciplina são usados com o objetivo de socializar a criança, ao promover o cumprimento das regras e normas sociais (Darling & Steinberg, 1993).Outras teorias da parentalidade focam-se, primariamente, no contexto emocional da relação pais-filho, como a teoria do apego ao defender que os pais que são cuidadores emocionalmente apoiantes, afetuosos, sensíveis e responsivos promovem um apego seguro com os seus filhos, o que tem consequências desenvolvimentais positivas (Cassidy, 1999). De acordo com a teoria do apego desenvolvida por Bowlby (1969Bowlby ( /1984, há uma predispo...
The main purpose of this study was the identification of unconscious maternal phantasies in lullabies used by contemporary mothers and the exploration of differences and similarities with the phantasies unveiled in traditional bedtime songs, collected in ethnographic research, and used in a previous reference study. Participants included a total of 84 women aged between 22 and 47 years (M = 34.22; SD = 4.74) with children of both sexes aged 2-36 months (M = 19.01; SD = 10.79). A total of 70 songs were collected, which were the subject of content analysis and categorization by three independent judges. Data show that 54.8% of the mothers still use lullabies when they put their children to sleep, and that intergenerational transmission of songs is present through maternal lineage. As expected, regularities and differences were identified between the contents of contemporary and traditional lullabies, but regardless of variances in time and culture, both of them seem imbued by the mother's symbolic work through on the imaginary dimension of the child's (and her own's) internal object phantasies.
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