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: Essential oils as natural sanitizing agents were sprayed on Swiss chard leaves produced by organic methods. Samples were stored at 0 and 5°C and 97% to 98% relative humidity. Microbial populations, peroxidase activity, and sensory attributes were monitored during storage. No significant differences were observed between treated and control samples stored at 0°C. However, samples treated with the essential oils of eucalyptus, tea tree, and clove and stored at 5°C presented microbial counts significantly lower than those of control samples. The essential oils of eucalyptus, tea tree, lemon, rosemary, and clove presented peroxidase activity inhibition that, in the case of eucalyptus, increased to 65% during storage. Although some of the essential oils did appear to reduce microbial counts and peroxidase activity compared with controls, they were not effective in extending the shelflife of the Swiss chard leaves from a sensory point of view.

(Rev Med Chile 2011; 139: 1573-1580.

INTRODUCCIÓN Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen un problema de salud pública por su alta prevalencia y por ser la principal causa de muerte de la población adulta en la mayoría de los países (1). Según diversos estudios, la población de adultos jóvenes parece encaminarse hacia la adopción de conductas de riesgo y estilos de vida poco saludables. Algunos autores lo atribuyen a las débiles conexiones entre la población universitaria con la redes de apoyo; como la familia y los centros educacionales (2,3). Los estudiantes son sometidos a condiciones particulares al ingresar al sistema universitario. El ambiente académico puede producir cambios en sus estilos de vida, con implicaciones positivas y negativas. Se encuentran en una etapa crítica para el desarrollo de sus hábitos alimentarios, caracterizados por presentar poco tiempo para comer, saltarse comidas frecuentemente, comer entre horas, alto consumo de comida rápida, entre otros (4,5). Sumado a esto, presentan una disminución de la práctica de actividad física por el auge que han tenido

South America was invaded by slider turtles (Trachemys spp.) twice, with one immigration wave estimated to have reached South America 8.6-7.1 million years ago (mya) and a second wave, 2.5-2.2 mya. The two widely disjunct South American subspecies of Trachemys dorbigni (northeastern and southern Brazil, R ıo de la Plata region of Argentina and Uruguay) are derived from the first dispersal pulse, while the two South American subspecies of Trachemys venusta (Colombia, Venezuela) originated from the second immigration event. We describe a new species of slider turtle from the lower Atrato river basin of Antioquia and Choc o departments, northwestern Colombia. This new species, the Atrato slider (Trachemys medemi n. sp.), is the first representative of the older immigration wave inhabiting northern South America. Using phylogenetic analyses of 3,242 bp of mitochondrial and 3,396 bp of nuclear DNA, we show that T. medemi is more closely related to T. dorbigni than to the geographically neighboring subspecies of Trachemys grayi and T. venusta from Central America and northern South America. The two subspecies of T. dorbigni are separated from the Atrato slider by the Andes and the Amazon Basin, and occur approximately 4,600 km and 3,700 km distant from T. medemi. According to molecular clock calculations, T. medemi diverged from the last common ancestor of the two subspecies of T. dorbigni during the Pliocene (4.1-2.8 mya), with T. dorbigni diversifying later (2.3-1.9 mya) in eastern South America beyond the Amazon basin. The divergence of the T. dorbigni subspecies overlaps with the estimated arrival of T. venusta in South America (2.5-2.2 mya). This time is characterized by massive climatic and environmental fluctuations with intermittent dispersal corridors in South America. According to their distribution, it seems likely that the ancestors of the extant subspecies of T. dorbigni dispersed along the eastern corridor, leaving a relict population northwest of the Andes with T. medemi.The distribution range of T. medemi is surrounded by taxa derived from the second southern range expansion of slider turtles, so that it can be concluded that T. venusta circumvented the habitats occupied by the ancestors of the Atrato slider when entering South America.

RESUMENEl modelo económico chileno ha aumentado el riesgo de las operaciones financieras en una población con bajos niveles de alfabetización económica. Especialmente preocupante es la situación de profesores y estudiantes universitarios de pedagogía, por el impacto multiplicativo de su conducta en futuros estudiantes. Los objetivos fueron detectar brechas de conocimiento en educación económica y financiera, a partir de la investigación desarrollada en Chile y proponer un modelo educativo para la alfabetización económica y financiera en la formación inicial docente. Los resultados indican la precaria formación económica en el currículum educativo y la necesidad de intervenir en distintos segmentos de la población, especialmente en profesores y estudiantes de pedagogía. Se propone un modelo que integra los componentes de la educación económica y sus conceptos articuladores con los lineamientos de la OCDE, los contenidos específicos y la metodología didáctica en una propuesta de educación económica para la formación inicial docente.Palabras clave: educación económica, educación financiera, formación inicial docente.ABSTRACT The Chilean economic model has increased the risk of financial transactions in a population with low levels of economic literacy. Especially worrying is the situation of teachers and university students of pedagogy by multiplicative impact of their conduct on future students. The objectives were to detect gaps of knowledge in economic and financial education based on the review of the research developed in Chile; and to propose an educational model for financial and economic literacy in initial teacher training. The results show the precarious economic training in the educational curriculum and the need to intervene in different segments of population, especially teachers and students of pedagogy. The researchers propose a model that integrates the components of economic education and their articulators concepts with the guidelines of the OECD, the specific contents and teaching methodology in a proposal of economic education for initial teacher training.Key words: economic education, financial education, initial teacher training. *Este trabajo se ha desarrollado y ha sido financiado por el Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (FONDECYT) a través del proyecto N°1110711. 76Estudios Pedagógicos, vol. XL, n. 1, 75-96, 2014 RESUMO O modelo econômico chileno tem aumentado o risco das operações financeiras para a população com baixos níveis de alfabetização econômica. Particularmente, é preocupante a situação dos professores e estudantes de Pedagogia pelo impacto das suas condutas em seus futuros estudantes. Objetivou-se detectar as lacunas de conhecimento em educação econômica e financeira, a partir de investigação desenvolvida no Chile; também propor um modelo educacional para a alfabetização econômica e financeira na formação inicial de professores. Resultados indicam a precária formação econômica no currículo educacional e a necessidade de intervir junto aos diferentes segmentos da populaçã...

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La información y la comunicación siempre han sido vectores de poderes dominantes, poderes al ternativos, resistencias y cambios sociales.Manuel castell resuMen. La discursividad étnicacultural del pueblo mapuche ha sido capaz de adecuarse a los aparatos comunicacionales que la actual plataforma global ofrece, recorriendo los circuitos virtuales de la red internet por medio de la producción de hiper textos. Éstos se caracterizan por presentar un sujeto colectivo de enunciación en actitud de resistencia, performatividad con la cual combaten los mecanismos de dominación que desde la hegemonía massmediática, jurídicojudicial y estatal se han ins talado a través de la confección de un conflicto que sólo acoge a una parte de la discordia: el denominado "conflicto mapu che", ahora desplazado al espacio virtual.