The incidence of muscle spasticity is high in patients with diseases of the central nervous system. This condition leads to significant limitations in movement and impaired functional capacities. Muscle spasticity manifests as changes in the mechanical properties of the muscles. This muscle disorder is generally assessed using qualitative methods, whose validity, reliability and sensitivity are questionable. In recent years, ultrasound elastography (USE) has been used as a non-invasive technique for characterizing the stress response and mechanical properties of individual muscles in the evaluation of spasticity. This article presents a systematic review of the USE techniques, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) declaration guidelines, used for the evaluation of muscle stiffness caused by spasticity. The articles selected in this study were evaluated using the Quality Appraisal of Diagnostic Reliability (QAREL) tool. Mainly, studies on the assessment of spasticity involving the evaluation of muscle stiffness with USE techniques (i.e., shear-wave elastography [SWE] or compression elastography [CE]) were selected. Then, common topics related to the assessment of spastic muscles and the statistical results of these studies were classified. Of 21 articles, nine used only CE, 10 used only SWE and two used both techniques. In the studies, statistically significant differences were observed in the measurements of muscle stiffness between the paretic and non-paretic sides as well as between patients and healthy patients. The clinical measurements obtained, devices used and assessment and probe positions for both techniques were discussed. The most frequently studied muscles were the biceps (n = 7) and gastrocnemius (n = 11). On applying the QAREL tool, we found that only two studies showed compliance at 80%À90%, seven studies at 50%À70% and the remaining 12 at 10%À40%. The results showed that USE techniques have limitations in spasticity assessment, such as subjectivity because of the lack of standardized protocols. A deficit of studies on intra-operator and inter-operator measurements indicates that this technique is not yet mature for spasticity diagnosis, although it is a promising diagnostic tool for designing treatment plans and monitoring the effectiveness of therapeutic modalities.
Este artículo presenta un sistema embebido que detecta en tiempo real la intención de movimiento para el control de un prototipo de prótesis de mano robótica. El trabajo muestra que usando características temporales de cálculo simple, es posible obtener un agrupamiento de vectores de características lo suficientemente discriminante como para que se puedan usar clasificadores de patrones muy simples. Así, en este trabajo se propone un clasificador basado en la mínima distancia al centroide de los grupos que caracterizan a los movimientos a identificar, modificando el conocido algoritmo k vecinos próximos para sacar mayor provecho de la fase de entrenamiento del clasificador en la fase de clasificación y obtener respuesta en tiempo real. Se presentan resultados de clasificación de intención de movimiento obtenidos con el sistema desarrollado usando el porcentaje de éxito como medida de efectividad, al realizar pruebas sobre tres sujetos con músculos sanos. Los resultados experimentales muestran que el sistema puede ser utilizado efectivamente para el control de ejecución de cuatro primitivas motoras de un prototipo de prótesis de mano robótica.
One of the main sources of economic income in Colombia's agricultural sector is the marketing of coffee with a high contribution to the country's economy. However, trends in coffee industry 4.0 show that the coffee roasting process is where more value aggregation is presented and at the same time is one of the most complex because multiple factors are involved such as grain moisture, volume, variety and heat and mass transfer variables. The main objective of this work was to design and implement a fluidized bed system for the study of the effect of temperature control on the physical properties of roasted coffee from Cauca-Colombia. The development of the work was addressed in 4 sequential phases: CAD design, Digital manufacture, temperature control design and the systems analysis. The proposed fluid bed system features a control system for the RoR (rate of rise) that can be adjusted between 3 to 20°C/min, and provide a prediction in the events of the standard roasting profile (Turning Point, Yellow, First Crack, Development time, Second Crack, Drop).
Las instituciones de educación superior han tenido que evolucionar sus metodologías de enseñanza de la Ingeniería del Software, para gestar profesionales eficientes en el desarrollo de aplicativos informáticos. Este artículo pretende presentar una nueva didáctica y un diseño curricular de un curso de "Ingeniería del Software Básico", basado en el modelo SWEBOK de la IEEE (Guide to the software engineering body of knowledge. Swebok) y adaptado al modelo por competencias presentes en el Modelo Pedagógico del INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO METROPOLITANO, como resultado del proyecto de investigación HICAP-IOI del ITM. Palabras clave Metodología de enseñanza aprendizaje, metodología de desa-rrollo de software, ingeniería del software, teoría de la actividad, teoría del caos. * Ingeniero de sistemas, especialist a en gerencia de proyectos, candidato a Magíster en Ingeniería Informática de EAFIT, docente investigador del ITM en a signatur as de la ingeniería del software y relaciona das. Abstract Higher education institutions have taken up new software engineering teaching methodologies in order to prepare professionals who are efficient in the development of informatics applications. This article aims at showing a new didactic, and a syllabus design for a course of"Basic Software Engineering", based on the SWEBOK model ofiEEE (GUIDE TO THE SOFTWARE ENGINEERING BODY OF KNOWLEDGE SWEBOK), which is adapted to the model by competences which is applied in the ITM's Pedagogical Modelas a result of the HICAP-IOI research project at ITM. KeyWords Teaching Methodology, learning, software development methodology, software engineering, theory of activity, theory of chaos. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN La educación ha evolucionado al mismo ritmo que lo ha hecho el hombre. Durante el último siglo, especialmente desde los años ochenta, han surgido cambios en la educación debido a las variaciones sociales, políticas y tecnológicas. Uno de los cambios más significativos ha sido el tecnológico informático, el cual nos reta constantemente a involucrar, o por lo menos a tener en cuenta, sus avances. Entonces, nos encontramos con una variedad de elementos pasados y presentes, tales como: las corrientes pedagógicas, el avance en el software y el hardware, y las metodologías que existen para el manejo de cada uno de estos elementos, que por su sinergia llaman a la unión de todos ellos para sacar el mejor provecho en cuanto a las nuevas metodologías de enseñanza aprendizaje. Hoy tomamos temas como la ingeniería del software y cómo enseñarla, la propuesta pedagógica de Ausubel (En POZO, 1989)1, y otros autores (COLON, 2002), (ANAYA y TRUJILLO, 2006), (VYGOTSKI, 1996) y las TIC 2 para lograr un aporte integral a la enseñanza de la ingeniería del software. Es decir, integrar estos elementos de tal manera que se logre un proceso de aprendizaje de la ingeniería del software más efectiva, donde los alumnos mejoren y proyecten esos logros en su futura labor. En consecuencia, y teniendo en cuenta el modelo pedagógico del ITM (URREGO, 1999), se lleva a cabo el desarrollo ...
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