BackgroundHistorically, fishing is an important activity for riverine communities established along the São Francisco River, including indigenous communities. In the present study, we researched fishing activities in two villages of the Truká ethnic group, both located in the State of Pernambuco along the sub-middle section of the São Francisco River, Northeast Brazil. We recorded the richness and uses of the fished species and the ecological knowledge on these species, the fishing techniques employed and the perception of the indigenous people regarding current environmental impacts on the São Francisco River that influence local fishing.MethodThe information was obtained through interviews with 33 Truká fishers (27 men and six women), including 17 interviewees from Central Village (Cabrobó) and 16 from Tapera Village (Orocó).ResultsUsing five fishing techniques, the interviewees caught 25 fish species, including 21 native and four exotic species. All species are used as food, and two species are used in traditional Truká medicine. The interviewees revealed that fishing currently has less importance in their subsistence. They indicated that this situation is occurring because of several factors, such as the introduction of exotic species, pollution and urbanization, that have impacted the São Francisco River, resulting in a decline of fishing resources. Nevertheless, we found that the indigenous people who are still fishing have a broad knowledge of the habitat and ecology of the target fishing.ConclusionAlthough fishing is declining in importance among the Truká, we found that the individuals who are still practicing this activity have a broad knowledge about the habitat and ecology of the target species and apply that knowledge to fishing methods. Knowledge about the ecology of the species and the environmental impacts that have affected them can support basic research on local fish populations and research investigating the environmental impacts, resource management and sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources.
Human migration implies adaptations to new environments, such as ways to benefit from the available biodiversity. This study focused on the use of animal-derived remedies, and we investigated the effects of migration on the traditional medical system of the indigenous Truká people. This ethnic group lives in Northeast Brazil and is currently distributed in four distinct villages. In these villages, the zootherapeutic knowledge of 54 indigenous people was determined through semi-structured questionnaires given from September 2013 to January 2014. The interviewees indicated 137 zootherapeutic uses involving 21 animal species. The variety of species and their uses have a higher similarity between villages that are closer to each other, which can be a reflection of geographic and environmental factors. However, even close villages showed a low similarity in the zootherapeutic uses recorded, which reflects a strong idiosyncrasy regarding the knowledge of each village. Hence, each village may be influenced by the physical environment and contact with other cultures, which may maintain or reduce the contact of younger villages with the original village.
Efetividade de estirpes selecionadas para feijão caupi em solo da região semi-árida do sertão da Paraíba 1 R E S U M OUm experimento de campo foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, com o objetivo de se avaliar o efeito da inoculação com rizóbio na produtividade do feijão caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cultivado em um Planossolo do Sertão paraibano. A cultivar de feijão caupi utilizada foi a (cv. CNCx 409-11F). Os tratamentos foram constituídos de dois isolados nativos do local do experimento, três estirpes recomendadas para feijão caupi (BR 3267, INPA 3-11B e UFLA 3-84) e uma selecionada pela UFRPE, para solos ácidos (NFB 700), além de dois tratamentos controle sem inoculação, sendo um com N fertilizante na forma de uréia (20 kg ha -1 na fundação e 30 kg ha -1 em cobertura), e outro sem adição de N fertilizante. Avaliou-se a nodulação (número e biomassa de nódulos), biomassa seca da parte aérea, teor e acúmulo de N total e eficiên-cia relativa em quatro idades distintas (17, 38, 52 e 67) (dias após a emergência -DAE). Houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos para idade das plantas, interação tratamento x idade, número e biomassa seca de nódulos mas para as demais variáveis não houve efeito significativo. As estirpes nativas do solo foram de alta efetividade em caupi no Planossolo do Sertão da Paraíba, não sendo necessárias a inoculação nem a fertilização com N mineral. Palavras-chave:Bradyrhizobium, Vigna unguiculata; fixação do nitrogênio, nodulaçãoEffectiveness of cowpea rhizobia selected strains on cowpea grown in a soil of the semiarid region of Paraiba State -Brazil A B S T R A C TA field experiment was carried out in randomized block design, with four replicates, to evaluate the effectiveness of rhizobial inoculation on cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] grown in a soil of the semiarid region of Paraíba state in northeast Brazil. Two native isolates from the soil, three recommended strains (BR 3267, INPA 3-11B e UFLA 3-84), and one strain selected for cowpea grown in acid soils at the UFRPE (NFB 700) were inoculated on cowpea (cv. CNCx 409-11F). Two control treatments were also used, one being with mineral nitrogen, and other without mineral nitrogen applied, both uninoculated. Nodulation (nodule number and dry biomass), shoot dry biomass, N content and total N and relative effectiveness at 17, 38, 52 and 67 days after emergence (DAE) were analyzed. There were significant effects of treatments, plant age and plant age x treatment interactions for nodule number and dry biomass. For the remaining variables there were no significant differences. Results indicate that the rhizobial population native from the soil was very effective on cowpea nitrogen fixation. Inoculation of cowpea (cv. CNCx 409-11F) with selected strains or isolates from the used soil, as well as nitrogen fertilizer were unnecessary for cowpea in the experimental conditions tested.
Este ensaio investiga a situação ambiental/territorial que envolve os povos e comunidades tradicionais, apontando fundamentos étnicos e culturais da socioiodiversidade desses grupos. Apresentamos conceitos e representações sobre sociedades e territórios tradicionais, seguido de um debate teórico sobre o uso de recursos naturais pelas comunidades tradicionais. A vasta diversidade sociocultural brasileira é investigada de diferentes formas, buscando apontar elementos de autoidentificação que permitam caracterizá-la como povos tradicionais e territórios sociais. Para tanto, as reflexões aqui trazidas buscam entender os fatores que intermediam as relações com a fauna e consequente manejo sustentável, a partir da compreensão das relações existentes entre essas sociedades e os recursos naturais presentes nos territórios ocupados. Afirma-se assim a importância da promoção dos direitos étnicos e culturais que assistem os povos e comunidades tradicionais.
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