Crescentic shape dunes, known as barchan dunes, are formed by the action of a fluid flow on a granular bed. These bedforms are common in many environments, existing under water or in air, and being formed from grains organized in different initial arrangements. Although they are frequently found in nature and industry, details about their development are still to be understood. In a recent paper [C. A. Alvarez and E. M. Franklin, Phys. Rev. E 96, 062906 ( 2017)], we proposed a timescale for the development and equilibrium of single barchans based on the growth of their horns. In the present Letter, we report measurements of the growth of horns at the grain scale. In our experiments, conical heaps were placed in a closed conduit and individual grains were tracked as each heap, under the action of a water flow, evolved to a barchan dune. We identified the trajectories of the grains that migrated to the growing horns, and found that most of them came from upstream regions on the periphery of the initial heap, with an average displacement of the order of the heap size. In addition, we show that individual grains had transverse displacements by rolling and sliding that are not negligible, with many of them going around the heap. The mechanism of horns formation revealed by our experiments contrasts with the general picture that barchan horns form from the advance of the lateral dune flanks due to the scaling of migration velocity with the inverse of dune size. Our results change the way in which the growth of subaqueous barchan dunes is explained.

Barchan dunes are crescentic shape dunes with horns pointing downstream. The present paper reports the formation of subaqueous barchan dunes from initially conical heaps in a rectangular channel. Because the most unique feature of a barchan dune is its horns, we associate the timescale for the appearance of horns to the formation of a barchan dune. A granular heap initially conical was placed on the bottom wall of a closed conduit and it was entrained by a water flow in turbulent regime. After a certain time, horns appear and grow, until an equilibrium length is reached. Our results show the existence of the timescales 0.5t c and 2.5t c for the appearance and equilibrium of horns, respectively, where t c is a characteristic time that scales with the grains diameter, gravity acceleration, densities of the fluid and grains, and shear and threshold velocities.

Barchans are dunes of crescentic shape found on Earth, Mars, and other celestial bodies, growing usually on polydisperse granular beds. In this Letter, we investigate experimentally the growth of subaqueous barchans consisting of bidisperse grains. We found that the grain distribution within the dune changes with the employed pair, and that a transient stripe appears on the dune surface. We propose that observed patterns result from the competition between fluid entrainment and easiness of rolling for each grain type, and that grains segregate with a diffusion-like mechanism. Our results provide new insights into barchan structures found in other environments.

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Many complex aspects are involved in the morphodynamics of crescent-shaped dunes, known as barchans. One of them concerns the trajectories of individual grains over the dune, and how they affect its shape. In the case of subaqueous barchans, we proposed in Alvarez and Franklin [Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 164503 (2018)] that their extremities, called horns, are formed mainly by grains migrating from upstream regions of the initial pile, and that they exhibit significant transverse displacements. Here, we extend our previous work to address the dynamics of grains migrating to horns after the dune has reached its crescentic shape, and present new aspects of the problem. In our experiments, single barchans evolve, under the action of a water turbulent flow, from heaps of conical shape formed from glass beads poured on the bottom wall of a rectangular channel. Both for evolving and developed barchans, the horns are fed up with grains coming from upstream regions of the bedform and traveling with significant transverse components, differently from the dynamics usually described for the aeolian case. For these grains, irrespective of their size and strength of water flow, the distributions of transverse and streamwise components of velocities are well described by exponential functions, with the probability density functions of their magnitudes being similar to results obtained from previous studies on flat beds. Focusing on moving grains whose initial positions were on the horns, we show that their residence time and traveled distance are related following a quasi-linear relation. Our results provide new insights into the physical mechanisms underlying the shape of barchan dunes.

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Grain flows through pipes are frequently found in various settings, such as in pharmaceutical, chemical, petroleum, mining and food industries. In the case of size-constrained gravitational flows, density waves consisting of alternating high-and low-compactness regions may appear. This study investigates experimentally the dynamics of density waves that appear in gravitational flows of fine grains through vertical and slightly inclined pipes. The experimental device consisted of a transparent glass pipe through which different populations of glass spheres flowed driven by gravity. Our experiments were performed under controlled ambient temperature and relative humidity, and the granular flow was filmed with a high-speed camera. Experimental results concerning the length scales and celerities of density waves are presented, together with a one-dimensional model and a linear stability analysis. The analysis exhibits the presence of a long-wavelength instability, with the most unstable mode and a cut-off wavenumber whose values are in agreement with the experimental results.

Gravitational flow of grains in pipes is frequently encountered in industry. When the grains and pipes are size-constrained, granular flow may result in density waves consisting of alternate high-and low-compactness regions. This paper discusses the length scale of density waves that appear when fine grains fall vertically in pipes. A one-dimensional model and a linear stability analysis of the model are presented. The analysis suggests the presence of long-wavelength instability for the most unstable mode, moreover, a cut-off wavenumber from which the length scale is estimated. Finally, the model results are compared to experimental data.