Abstract. Attribute-based cryptography has emerged in the last years as a promising primitive for digital security. For instance, it provides good solutions to the problem of anonymous access control. In a ciphertextpolicy attribute-based encryption scheme, the secret keys of the users depend on their attributes. When encrypting a message, the sender chooses which subset of attributes must be held by a receiver in order to be able to decrypt.All current attribute-based encryption schemes that admit reasonably expressive decryption policies produce ciphertexts whose size depends at least linearly on the number of attributes involved in the policy. In this paper we propose the first scheme whose ciphertexts have constant size. Our scheme works for the threshold case: users authorized to decrypt are those who hold at least t attributes among a certain universe of attributes, for some threshold t chosen by the sender. An extension to the case of weighted threshold decryption policies is possible. The security of the scheme against selective chosen plaintext attacks can be proven in the standard model by reduction to the augmented multi-sequence of exponents decisional Diffie-Hellman (aMSE-DDH) problem.
We put forward a new algebraic framework to generalize and analyze Diffie-Hellman like Decisional Assumptions which allows us to argue about security and applications by considering only algebraic properties. Our D ,k -MDDH assumption states that it is hard to decide whether a vector in G is linearly dependent of the columns of some matrix in G ×k sampled according to distribution D ,k . It covers known assumptions such as DDH, 2-Lin (linear assumption), and k-Lin (the k-linear assumption). Using our algebraic viewpoint, we can relate the generic hardness of our assumptions in m-linear groups to the irreducibility of certain polynomials which describe the output of D ,k . We use the hardness results to find new distributions for which the D ,k -MDDH-Assumption holds generically in m-linear groups. In particular, our new assumptions 2-SCasc and 2-ILin are generically hard in bilinear groups and, compared to 2-Lin, have shorter description size, which is a relevant parameter for efficiency in many applications. These results support using our new assumptions as natural replacements for the 2-Lin Assumption which was already used in a large number of applications.To illustrate the conceptual advantages of our algebraic framework, we construct several fundamental primitives based on any MDDH-Assumption. In particular, we can give many instantiations of a primitive in a compact way, including public-key encryption, hash-proof systems, pseudo-random functions, and Groth-Sahai NIZK and NIWI proofs. As an independent contribution we give more efficient NIZK and NIWI proofs for membership in a subgroup of G . The results imply very significant efficiency improvements for a large number of schemes.
Abstract. Attribute-based cryptography is a natural solution for fine-grained access control with respect to security policies. In the case of attribute-based signatures (ABS), users obtain from an authority their secret keys as a function of the attributes they hold, with which they can later sign messages for any predicate satisfied by their attributes. A verifier will be convinced of the fact that the signer's attributes satisfy the signing predicate while remaining completely ignorant of the identity of the signer. In many scenarios where authentication and anonymity are required, like distributed access control mechanisms in ad hoc networks, the bandwidth is a crucial and sensitive concern. The signature size of all previous ABS schemes grows linearly in the number of attributes involved in the signing predicate. We propose the first two attribute-based signature schemes with constant size signatures. Their security is proven in the selective-predicate and adaptive-message setting, in the standard model, under chosen message attacks, with respect to some algorithmic assumptions related to bilinear groups. The described schemes are for the case of threshold predicates, but they can be extended to admit some other (more expressive) kinds of monotone predicates.
This paper constructs efficient non-interactive arguments for correct evaluation of arithmetic and boolean circuits with proof size O(d) group elements, where d is the multiplicative depth of the circuit, under falsifiable assumptions. This is achieved by combining techniques from SNARKs and QA-NIZK arguments of membership in linear spaces. The first construction is very efficient (the proof size is ≈ 4d group elements and the verification cost is ≈ 4d pairings and O(n + n + d) exponentiations, where n is the size of the input and n of the output) but one type of attack can only be ruled out assuming the knowledge soundness of QA-NIZK arguments of membership in linear spaces. We give an alternative construction which replaces this assumption with a decisional assumption in bilinear groups at the cost of approximately doubling the proof size. The construction for boolean circuits can be made zero-knowledge with Groth-Sahai proofs, resulting in a NIZK argument for circuit satisfiability based on falsifiable assumptions in bilinear groups of proof size O(n + d).Our main technical tool is what we call an "argument of knowledge transfer". Given a commitment C1 and an opening x, such an argument allows to prove that some other commitment C2 opens to f (x), for some function f , even if C2 is not extractable. We construct very short, constant-size, pairing-based arguments of knowledge transfer with constant-time verification for any linear function and also for Hadamard products. These allow to transfer the knowledge of the input to lower levels of the circuit.
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