Over the centuries, philosophers and scholars have debated and explored what drives inequity and fragmentation and their implications for justice and societal well-being. More recently, the introduction and codification of international and national legal frameworks has advanced universal rights and welfare. Research has also made an unambiguous, pragmatic case for equity and inclusion, underlining the benefits of inclusion as well as the risks attendant in exclusion. This chapter discusses philosophical foundations, scholarly analyses, and theories; the international legal framework; research showing how diverse societies benefit from varied perspectives and expertise; links between economic inclusion, on one hand, and growth and development, on the other; how exclusion results in underdevelopment, persistent pockets of poverty, economic underperformance, and disparities in income; and the implications of grievance for intractable conflict and unrelenting violence.
Countries and regions are increasingly diverse. At the same time, disparities in income are growing, with augmented information flow and data heightening awareness of gaps in wealth. These trends have critical implications for societies’ stability and prosperity; when fragile states experience large demographic shifts, their stability and well-being are threatened. Similarly, the data point to challenges in the global drive to end extreme poverty. Such poverty can only be wiped out when economic and social policies benefit all. This chapter discusses the growing conflict/development nexus and the need for an integrated perspective; the importance of adapting to increasingly diverse, interconnected societies before, during, and after conflict; the challenge in addressing the changing nature of conflict; and environmental and economic trends that increase urgency.
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