Clinical psychologists, personality theorists, and most other students of individual behavior commonly assume that a person gradually forms characteristic behavior patterns which become more and more resistant to change with the passage of time. These patterns are usually thought of as reflections of intra-individual structures or mechanisms : e.g., habits, needs, cognitive structures, or traits. Because these intrapersonal determinants of behavior are, in effect, accepted as givens, observable consistency over a period of time tends to remain unexplained-it is simply a manifestation of these structures. From this point of view, a person behaves as he does because of what he is.Thus, Allport (1937), Cattell (1950), and Eysenck (1953) attribute enduring structure to personality, a structure in which the concept of trait is central. Murray (1938) conceives of personality as an organizing and integrating force having a neural locus in the organism. In spite of his field emphasis, Lewin (1935) conceives of personality structure as characterized by certain differentiations and articulations of regions, which correspond to aspects of personal character. Murphy (1947) includes physiological dispositions, canalizations, conditioned responses, and cognitive and perceptual habits as com-
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