F or the student of surnames, occupation is but one of the several sources, and by no means the most important. For the student of occupations, on the other hand, surnames constitute a unique but neglected source of material on early proliferation of a specialized division of labor. This paper is an attempt to examine some materials from the field of onomatology for their relevance t o the studv of societal development. The emergence of fulltime occupations in the nonagricultural sector depends on increases in agricultural productivity on the one hand and on enlargement of the market. The latter means in effect that the size and density of population, the frequency of interaction among the members of that population as well as their spatial mobility must reach a certain stage in order t o make specialization feasible. Thus a greater number of differentiated occupations are found in larger' towns than in smaller towns. The frequency of interaction increases geometrically and specialization entails a loss of selfsufficiency and entry into a more complex market network for the satisfaction of needs. The attendant growth of trade serves to increase the geographic movement as well as social mobility among some members of the affected population.The characteristics of society that are associated with an increasingly elaborate division of labor, as reflected in the emergence of distinct occupations, and with problems of identification as reflected in the assignment of surnames, are identical. Increase in size and density of population, frequency of interaction, as well as social and spatial mobility entail both the proliferation of occupations and a better means of identification than given names alone.Adam Smith associated the proliferation of occupations with population growth and the development of transportation
Theoretical treatment of citizenship, beginning with the pathbreaking work of T.H. Marshall, has made short shrift of industrial citizenship. Treating industrial citizenship as subsidiary to civil, political and social citizenship as well as limiting it to the realm of trade union organization and collective bargaining are serious shortcomings. Citizens of advanced societies need also to be shielded against wage competition from underdeveloped societies. The alternative to industrial rights is that the advanced societies will be shown the image of their future by the less developed societies.
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