POA has anti-inflammatory effects on ECs stimulated with TNF-α and may counter endothelial dysfunction.

• Marine-derived fatty acids (EPA and DHA) had potent anti-inflammatory effects in EA.hy926 endothelial cells. • Plant-derived fatty acids (-linolenic and stearidonic acids) modulated some inflammatory responses in EA.hy926 endothelial cells. • Of the two plant-derived fatty acids, stearidonic acid had greater anti-inflammatory effects.

Endothelial dysfunction is a pro-inflammatory state characterized by chronic activation of the endothelium, which leads to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Intake of trans fatty acids (TFAs) is associated with an increased risk of CVD. This risk is usually associated with industrial TFAs (iTFAs) rather than ruminant TFAs (rTFAs); however it is not clear how specific TFA isomers differ in their biological activity and mechanisms of action with regard to inflammation. Here we review the literature on 18-carbon TFAs, including the research associating their intake or levels with CVD and studies relating 18-carbon TFA exposure to modulation of inflammatory processes. The evidence associating iTFAs with CVD risk factors is fairly consistent and studies in humans usually show a relation between iTFAs and higher levels of inflammatory markers. In contrast, studies in humans, animals and in vitro suggest that rTFAs have null or mildly beneficial effects in cardiovascular health, metabolic parameters and inflammatory markers, although the evidence is not always consistent. More studies are needed to better identify the beneficial and detrimental effects of the different TFAs, including those with 18 carbons.

Artículo de publicación ISIPerinatal stress may cause metabolic and hormonal disruptions during adulthood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of early postnatal nociceptive stimulation (NS) on body weight and other metabolic parameters during adulthood and to determine whether CB1 endocannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) may be involved in these effects. Male mice were subjected to NS during lactation with a daily subcutaneous injection of saline solution. Subsequently, both control and NS-mice were treated from day 40 to 130, with an oral dose (1 μg/g body weight) of SR141716A, a specific CB1R antagonist/inverse agonist. Mice body weight and food intake was periodically evaluated. Adult animals were then killed to evaluate epididymal fat pads and metabolic parameters. NS did not influence food intake in adult animals, but caused significant increases in body weight, epididymal fat pads, and circulating levels of leptin, corticosterone, and triglycerides (TGs). Chronic treatment with SR141716A normalized these parameters, with the exception of corticosterone levels. This treatment also reduced plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and total cholesterol in both adult control and NS-mice. In addition, fatty acid (FA) amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity (the enzyme able to hydrolyze endocannabinoids) from liver and epididymal fat of adult NS-mice was decreased by 40–50% in comparison to activities found in same tissues of control mice. Results suggest that overactive liver and epididymal fat CB1R due to early NS may be involved in late metabolic alterations, which are sensitive to chronic treatment with SR141716A.This study was supported by the Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Chile (Fondecyt), Grant # 1070663

The recruitment of monocytes and activation of macrophages is essential for homeostasis but is also related to the development and progression of cardiometabolic diseases. The management of inflammation through dietary...

Scope: Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) from oily fish reduce cardiovascular disease. This may be partly due to modulation of endothelial cell (EC) inflammation. Fish stocks are declining and there is a need for sustainable alternative FAs. Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and pinolenic acid (PLA) are plant-derived FAs, which can fulfil this role. Methods and results: EA.hy926 cells are exposed GLA and PLA prior to stimulation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-. GLA and PLA are incorporated into ECs, resulting in increases in long-chain derivatives produced by elongase 5, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), and eicosatrienoic acid (ETA). Both GLA and PLA (50 µm) decrease production of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). However, decreases in these mediators are not seen after pre-treatment with GLA or PLA in elongase 5 silenced EA.hy926 cells. DGLA and ETA (10 µm) decrease EC production of sICAM-1, MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-6. All FAs reduce adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to EA.hy926 cells. Both PLA (50 µm) and ETA (10 µm) decrease NF Bp65 phosphorylation. Conclusion: These effects suggest potential for GLA, PLA and their long-chain derivatives, DGLA and ETA, as sustainable anti-inflammatory alternatives to fish-derived FAs.

Se han descrito estilos de vida poco saludables en estudiantes universitarios, como omisión del desayuno, alto consumo de comida rápida y horarios dispersos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue relacionar distintas características de la ingesta alimentaria con el estado nutricional en este grupo. Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico, donde participaron 130 jóvenes sedentarios. Se evaluó el estado nutricional y la ingesta alimentaria. Un 25% de la muestra presentó malnutrición por exceso (IMC), mientras que el 50% presentó exceso de grasa corporal. Los hombres con exceso de grasa corporal mostraron un porcentaje de adecuación significativamente menor en el aporte energético al desayuno (p= 0.021) y los sujetos (ambos sexos) con exceso de grasa corporal presentaron un porcentaje de adecuación también menor en la ingesta calórica al almuerzo en comparación con los sujetos con bajas reservas energéticas (p=0.004), y su vez, todos los sujetos consumían un exceso de energía en la merienda, independiente de su estado nutricional. Se observó también una relación dependiente entre horarios de alimentación y el porcentaje de grasa corporal (p= 0.044). Una baja ingesta energética al desayuno junto con una alta ingesta durante la merienda con intervalos de ayuno mayores a 4 horas al menos una vez al día, podrían estar asociados a un exceso de grasa corporal en estudiantes universitarios sedentarios. Palabras clave: Composición corporal; Desayuno; Estado nutricional, Estudiantes universitarios; Horarios de alimentación. ABSTRACT Unhealthy lifestyles, such as omission of breakfast, high intake of fast food, and lack of mealtime schedules, have been described among university students. The aim of this study was to relate different characteristics of food intake with the nutritional status of university students. An analytical observational study was conducted among 130 sedentary young people. Nutritional status (weight, height and body fat percentage) and food intake (24h food recall and eating habits survey) were assessed. One quarter of the sample had overweight or obesity (BMI), while 50% had excess body fat. Men with excess body fat had a lower energy intake at breakfast (p= 0.021) and the subjects (both sexes) with excess body fat had a lower calorie intake at lunch compared to subjects with low energy reserves (p= 0.004). Moreover, all subjects consumed excess energy at teatime, independent of body composition. A dependent relationship between feeding schedules and body fat percentage was observed (p= 0.044). Low energy intake at breakfast along with a high intake during teatime, with fasting intervals of more than 4 hours between meals at least once a day, could be associated with excess body fat in sedentary university students.

Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are recognised factors in the development of atherosclerosis. Evidence suggests that intake of industrial trans fatty acids (TFAs) promotes endothelial dysfunction, while ruminant TFAs may have the opposite effect. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of elaidic acid (EA (18:1n-9t); an industrially produced TFA) and trans vaccenic acid (TVA (18:1n-7t); a natural TFA found in ruminant milk and meat) on inflammatory responses of endothelial cells (ECs). ECs (EA.hy926 cells) were cultured under standard conditions and exposed to TFAs (1 to 50 μM) for 48 h. Then, the cells were cultured for a further 6 or 24 h with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, 1 ng/mL) as an inflammatory stimulant. ECs remained viable after treatments. TFAs were incorporated into ECs in a dose-dependent manner. Preincubation with EA (50 µM) increased production of MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-8 in response to TNF-α, while preincubation with TVA (1 µM) decreased production of ICAM-1 and RANTES in response to TNF-α. Preincubation with EA (50 µM) upregulated toll-like receptor 4 and cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in response to TNF-α. In contrast, preincubation with TVA (1 µM) downregulated TNF-α induced nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 gene expression. Preincubation of ECs with EA (50 µM) increased THP-1 monocyte adhesion. In contrast, preincubation of ECs with TVA (1 µM) reduced THP-1 monocyte adhesion, while preincubation of ECs with TVA (50 µM) decreased the level of surface expression of ICAM-1 seen following TNF-α stimulation. The results suggest that TVA has some anti-inflammatory properties, while EA enhances the response to an inflammatory stimulus. These findings suggest differential effects induced by the TFAs tested, fitting with the idea that industrial TFAs and ruminant TFAs can have different and perhaps opposing biological actions in an inflammatory context.