Background: Sry is a gene known to be essential for testis determination but is also transcribed in adult male tissues. The laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, has multiple Y chromosome copies of Sry while most mammals have only a single copy. DNA sequence comparisons with other rodents with multiple Sry copies are inconsistent in divergence patterns and functionality of the multiple copies. To address hypotheses of divergence, gene conversion and functional constraints, we sequenced Sry loci from a single R. norvegicus Y chromosome from the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat strain (SHR) and analyzed DNA sequences for homology among copies. Next, to determine whether all copies of Sry are expressed, we developed a modification of the fluorescent marked capillary electrophoresis method to generate three different sized amplification products to identify Sry copies. We applied this fragment analysis method to both genomic DNA and cDNA prepared from mRNA from testis and adrenal gland of adult male rats.
The generally low degree of agreement between self-ratings on personality traits and ratings by others may be interpreted from the viewpoint that selfreports reflect people's experience of themselves but not necessarily their behaviors. A detailed analysis of self and other ratings on subjective well-being as a central dimension of human experience is consistent with this phenomenological view. Ratings of well-being were not significantly correlated with rated behaviors either in self-ratings or in ratings by others. Screening subjects in terms of avowed consistency and observability on a trait did not improve selfother agreement for well-being, nor did it replicate the individual trait effects reported by Kenrick and Stringfield (1980). Judgments by others were found to have poor interjudge reliability and to reflect biases associated with projection of own well-being and a halo effect organized around the subject's perceived friendliness or likability. It was demonstrated that pooling the judgments of several observers should not and does not lead to accurate prediction of the phenomenal personality, and that accuracy may generally depend on the level of self-disclosure.Although there are some recent and provocative exceptions (e.g.. Cheek, 1982; McCrae, 1982), as a general finding, how we view ourselves is but poorly correlated with how we are viewed by the people around us, including close friends, family, teachers, co-workers and supervisors. Nonetheless, we are usually not aware of this discrepancy and blithely assume that our self-portraits are shared by the people who really know us (Shrauger & Schoeneman, 1979). There is food for existential angst in these results.It might immediately be proposed that people's self-descriptions are either meaningless, owing to a lack of self-insight, or are fatally biased to enhance self-esteem. Against these too-easy explanations, trait ratings
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