The aim of this study was to find out the optimal moisture adding rate of brown rice during the process of germination. The process of water addition in brown rice could be divided into three stages according to different water absorption speeds in soaking process. Water was added with three different speeds in three stages to get the optimal water adding rate in the whole process of germination. Thus, the technology of segmented moisture conditioning which is a method of adding water gradually was put forward. Germinated brown rice was produced by using segmented moisture conditioning method to reduce the loss of water-soluble nutrients and was beneficial to the accumulation of gamma aminobutyric acid. The effects of once moisture adding amount in three stages on the gamma aminobutyric acid content in germinated brown rice and germination rate of brown rice were investigated by using response surface methodology. The optimum process parameters were obtained as follows: once moisture adding amount of stage I with 1.06 %/h, once moisture adding amount of stage II with 1.42 %/h and once moisture adding amount of stage III with 1.31 %/h. The germination rate under the optimum parameters was 91.33 %, which was 7.45 % higher than that of germinated brown rice produced by soaking method (84.97 %). The content of gamma aminobutyric acid in germinated brown rice under the optimum parameters was 29.03 mg/100 g, which was more than two times higher than that of germinated brown rice produced by soaking method (12.81 mg/100 g). The technology of segmented moisture conditioning has potential applications for studying many other cereals.
In this work, the influences of coal moisture control (CMC) and coal briquette technology on structure and reactivity of cokes were investigated by adding a certain proportion of briquette into raw coal with different moisture. The coking experiments were carried out in a tested coke oven of 70 kg, and the prop erties of as obtained coke were analyzed by X ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and so on. The coke reactivity index (CRI), coke strength after reaction (CSR) and the optical texture of dif ferent cokes were also measured. The results indicated that the two technologies both can improve the struc ture of coke and reduce the reactivity of coke. The improved coke properties can be attributed to forming a more compact microcrystalline structure of coke to enhance its pore wall structure, its optical texture index (OTI) and its graphitization degree. Noticeably, the introduction of CMC technology in coal briquette pro cess can produce the superposition effect to the great improvement of the coke properties. In addition, the results also indicated that the introduction of CMC technology in coal briquette process can reduce the sulfur content of coke due to the overflowed sulfur in the form of gas during the coking, and can almost be equivalent to substitute 10% briquette in coal briquette process in the improvement of the CRI and CSR from coke, implying the reduced amount of briquette to save coal resources.
The coke solution loss reaction was investigated by using a well-type Si–Mo rod electric furnace. The effects of the CO 2 flow rate, reaction time, loading mode, and loading amount of iron particles on the coke solution loss reaction were investigated. By comparing the SEM and EDS before and after the reaction of loaded iron particle coke, the reasons for the influence of loading mode on the coke solution loss reaction were explored, and the mechanism behind it was further explored. The experimental results show that there is a positive proportional relationship between the CO 2 flow rate and reaction time with coke solution loss reactivity. The adsorption and addition of iron oxide play an important role in promoting the coke solution loss reaction, but when the saturation point of iron oxide loading is exceeded (1%), the adsorption load of iron particles has little effect on the coke solution loss reaction. At the same reaction temperature, the carbon conversion of the adsorption method is 10% larger than that of the addition method. From the analysis of SEM, it can be seen that the mechanism of iron particles affecting the coke solution loss reaction is different under the two loading modes. In the addition method, some iron particles are wrapped in a coke pore wall matrix, so they cannot play a role. In the adsorption process, iron particles are uniformly distributed on the coke surface, which provide more effective catalytic active centers. In addition, when iron particles are loaded by the addition method, they participate in coke formation, which affects the coke structure and then affects the coke solution loss reaction. The iron particles in the adsorption method play a catalytic role in the coke solution loss reaction.
Abstract-During the hydraulic compression packer setting process, axial stress of the string will be generated, which may affect the safety of the string. In this paper, the double-packer string in a horizontal well is taken as the object. Considering the two packers are seated separately, on the basis of Lame formula, generalized Hooke' s law and bar deformation theory, the equations of axial force and axial stress of the string from the packers, and the deformation of the string without constraint from packers are deduced under wellhead pressure. The results show that, when packer 1 is sealed with wellhead pressure as 10 MPa, the axial stress generated on the string between the bending section and packer 1 is 49.94 MPa. When packer 2 is sealed with wellhead pressure as 15 MPa, the axial stress generated on the string between the bending section and the packer 2 is 58.05 MPa. The axial stress of the string between packer 1 and packer 2 is reduced to 15.08 MPa and the total axial stress of the string between the bending section and packer 2 is 107.96 MPa. It can be seen that packer 2 increases the axial stress on the string between the packer and the bending section when it is seated and causes the axial stress of the string between packer 1 and packer 2 reduced. Thus, the dangerous point locates between packer 2 and the curved section of the string. The axial stress near the bottom of the string is reduced and the string tends to be safe. The results can be used to provide references for the selection of horizontal string to ensure its safety.
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