Problematic internet use in adolescents has been shown to significantly increase over the past few years, with COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns reinforcing this phenomena globally. We sought to explore whether problematic internet use in specific countries was related to emotional well-being and importantly whether this is predicted by psychological distress. There is a growing number of studies showing that problematic internet use is increasingly prevalent in countries with emerging economies, however we have yet to find out to what extent other factors are influencing this behaviour in adolescents and young people. This study invited young people from countries such India, Mexico, Philippines and Turkey to complete a set of self-reports on their daily internet habits, social media use, alongside questions on psychological distress, self-esteem, loneliness and escapism. A total of 1182 young people aged between 16 and 25 years old completed these questionnaires online. The results showed that there were significant difference in problematic internet use scores among adolescents in the Philippines and Turkey. More specifically, social media use was significantly higher amongst young people from the Philippines whereas gaming addiction was significantly high in the Turkish sample. These findings also revealed that psychological distress, loneliness, and low self-esteem consistently predicted problematic internet use. Taken together these results emphasise that there are several factors underlying growing figures of problematic internet use in young people, these factors include emotional distress, need for escapism, loneliness, and social media use, however, going forward more nuanced cultural differences should also be considered.
Research shows that internet addiction continues to grow globally, with wider access to the internet and changing use of smartphones. The compulsive internet use scale (CIUS) which has been found to be consistently associated with pathological internet use, is widely considered a measure for prolonged and problematic internet use. CIUS had been translated and adapted in several countries with reports of good reliability. However, to our knowledge this is the first study that examined the psychometric properties of the CIUS scale in three countries who share similar collectivistic attitudes and are a part of growing economies. This link was shared widely amongst young adults (aged 18–25 years), and a total of 837 participants completed the questionnaires. They completed the CIUS scale alongside a measure for escapism and self-esteem. These additional self-reports were added to assess the construct validity of the CIUS. The results from this study confirms the single factor structure of the CIUS as the best fit for this scale, this single factor solution was found for all the three countries. Similarly, high scores of internal reliability were observed for samples in India, Philippines and Turkey. We further found the CIUS to positively correlate with scores of escapism in the Turkish sample only. Taken together these results suggest that the CIUS is an effective measure regardless of country of residence, whilst highlighting the underlying differences in escapism that may need further attention.
ÖZET Bu çalışma ile çalışma saatlerinin çalışan memnuniyeti üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Anket yöntemi veri toplama yöntemi olarak kullanılmıştır. Anket formu Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde (Düzce, Bolu, Karabük, Kastamonu, Bartın, Zonguldak) mobilya endüstrisinde faaliyet gösteren işletme çalışanlarına uygulanmıştır. Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi işletme sayısı bakımından Türkiye'deki orman ürünleri sanayi sektörünü büyük oranda temsil ettiği için çalışma bu bölgede yapılmıştır. Anketlerden elde edilen veriler SPSS ortamına aktarılarak, istatistiksel yöntemlerle değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda; katılımcıların %70,5'i tek vardiyalı çalışma sisteminde çalıştıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Katılımcıların haftalık, 2 haftalık ve aylık olarak vardiya dönüşümü yaptıkları ve en verimli vardiyanın tek vardiya sistemi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca katılımcıların %38,3'ü çalıştıkları işten memnun olduklarını, %32,4'ü ise çalışma saatlerinden memnun olduklarını belirtmişlerdir. ABSTRACTThis study aimed to determine the effect of working hours on employee satisfaction. Survey method was used as data collection method. The survey was applied to the employees of the Western Black Sea Region (Düzce, Bolu, Karabük, Kastamonu, Bartın, Zonguldak) which operate in the furniture industry. The study was conducted in this region because the West Black Sea Region represented the forestry industry sector in Turkey in terms of the number of enterprises. In the results of working; 70.5% of the participants stated that they work in a single shift working system. It was determined that the participants transformed shifts on a weekly, 2 week and monthly basis and the most efficient shift was the single shift system. In addition, 38.3% of the participants stated that they were satisfied with their work and 32.4% stated that they were satisfied with their working hours.
The weather is one of the factors that may have an impact on the countries' economies. There are two main hedging ways against unexpected weather conditions: weather derivatives and weather insurances. During the last two decades, companies started to use weather derivatives against weather issues, especially in the energy and agriculture sectors. Starting from weather derivatives' first launch, their transaction volumes at the exchange and over-thecounter markets have increased. In addition to the increasing dependency of the economies on the weather, providing the weather derivative contracts with a reasonable premium amount is another reason which helps to have this positive trend. Since weather derivatives have similar parameters and rules with classical financial derivatives, it is possible to use the same pricing approaches for financial and weather derivatives. Monte-Carlo simulation, based on random number generation, is one of the existing methods of pricing derivative contracts. A difference between simulated values and really occurred data is the base point of the expected payoff or price of the contract. The current article introduces weather derivatives and shows two different approaches to their pricing, where one of them requires deeper statistical analysis. Adding the statistical analysis into the consideration, defining the relation between each data value, helps to provide better estimation and less volatility. Having less volatility can provide more accurate estimations and reasonable prices that are affordable and desired by the companies.
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