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Background: Some Malaysia and Indonesia people believed that root and seed shell of Archidendron bubalinum can treat diabetes. However, seed shell of Archidendron bubalinum has not yet to be scientifically proven and confirmed their ability to treat diabetes. The study of the potential of this seed shell was also scarcely available. Objective: The recent work was aimed to investigate the phytochemical screening of methanol extracts of seed shells of Archidendron bubalinum and to evaluate their chemical compositions and antidiabetic activities. Material and Methods: The methods of phytochemical screening were including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, saponins, and terpenoids. Their chemical compositions were determined by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and antidiabetic activities were performed by α-glucosidase inhibitory method. Results: The phytochemical screening showed that methanol extracts of seed shells of Archidendron bubalinum contain flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, and terpenoids. This extracts exhibited antidiabetic activity with IC 50 7.77 µg/mL. This result was supported by LC-MS analysis which showed the presence of phlorizin and astilbin, in which these compounds had high inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase or diabetes. Conclusion: LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of polyphenol compounds namely phlorizin and astilbin in which had high α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, might largely contribute in the antidiabetic activity.

Traditional knowledge (TK) has historical, cultural, scientific and economic value. Its community ownership characteristics differ from law dealing with traditional intellectual property (e.g. the TRIPS Agreement), which is characterized as individualistic, materialistic and exploitative. Such differences leave the TK possessed by developing countries, including Indonesia, unprotected. TK is often exploited by companies in developed countries to obtain an economic benefit and recognition of the knowledge as an intellectual property right (IPR) (in particular, through patents and copyright), without respect for the original community owner or considering it as within the public domain. Indonesia must protect its wealth of TK in two ways, namely: (i) starting with non‐legal protection through activities tracking, preserving, promoting, documenting and digitizing TK in a manner that is easily accessible, both nationally and internationally, and establishing cooperation with the intellectual property offices of developed countries so that the documentation and digitization of Indonesian TK can become one of the comparators in examining patent and other intellectual property petitions and (ii) legal protection of such intellectual property through new sui generis regulations (currently being discussed in the draft law on Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions).

This research has investigated adsorption of Fe with using fly ash adsorbent. Phases of adsorption of Fe is activated with HCI after that the fly ash were characterized by using XRF and SEM. Determination of optimum conditions on the adsorption of Fe with adsorbent mass variations, variations in contact time. Resulth show that the adsorption of Fe in optimum condition occurs in adsorbent mass of 2.5 g, for 60 minutes and the results also able to adsorp up to 96,34% Fe.

The medical image is an image that needs to be protected because it is private and confidential. The more modern technology enables tele surgery, tele diagnosis, and others to demand safe and confidential medical images. This research proposes cryptography method in a medical image by using the combination algorithm of Arnold chaotic map (ACM) and Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4). ACM is a chaotic cryptographic technique superior to attack deferential attack and brute force. The way chaotic cryptography works is to confuse the pixel location. While RC4 is a stream cipher technique that has resistance to statistical attacks and fasts in computing. The purpose of merging these two algorithms is to get stronger encryption techniques, have good performance, and can be computed quickly. Based on the experimental results proved that the use of a combination of these two algorithms can produce satisfactory quality encryption. This is evidenced by several measuring tools such as SSIM, Correlation Coefficient, Entropy, NPCR, UACI, and histogram analysis. Computation time required is also relatively very fast ie less than one second, where computational time is calculated by tic toc function.