Community pharmacy services (CPS) have been shown to be positive in many disease management and patient care programs, but clinical outcomes were followed by process indicators and methodological flaws in previous researches made it difficult to prove the effectiveness of clinical outcomes of CPS. Therefore, this study attempted to review the clinical outcomes of CPS. Interventions included are provision of medication review, patient education, adherence assessment, health/lifestyle advice, physical assessment, monitoring, prescribing, or adjusting and administering therapy from community pharmacists. By searching for key words like community pharmacists, pharmaceutical services, clinical outcomes in MEDLINE and EMBASE and manually searching (up to June 2017), 1910 studies investigating the clinical outcomes of CPS were obtained. After screening the titles, abstracts and full texts for relevancy, 52 researches with controlled groups were included and assessed for methodological quality. Finally, 25 studies were selected for the meta‐analysis based on their common endpoints: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and glycosylated haemoglobin. The Cochrane tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Chi‐square and I‐square tests were performed to assess heterogeneity, and the weighted mean differences were estimated using random effect models. Of the 52 articles, 47 studies demonstrated that CPS had positive clinical outcomes, 3 studies showed mixed outcomes and 2 studies revealed no effects. In the meta‐analysis, intervention groups displayed greater reductions in systolic BP (95% CI: −8.198–2.356), diastolic BP (95% CI: −3.648–0.645) and HbA1c (95% CI: −0.905–0.224) than usual care groups. CPS have positive clinical outcomes, particularly significant reductions in systolic BP, diastolic BP and HbA1c. It was difficult to find out which intervention(s) of CPS directly led to certain changes and influence of CPS might be underestimated for only three common surrogate endpoints. More researches should be conducted with sufficient data.
This research aims to investigate the contents and characteristics of stereotypes about the rich and the poor groups of the public. One hundred and fifty two participants freely report 2813 words of stereotypes about the rich and the poor. Results show that, the contents of stereotypes about the rich and the poor consist of three dimensions which are competence, sociability and morality. Generally, the rich has been seen as high competence, low sociability and bad morality, while the poor has been seen as low competence, mid sociability and good morality. The valences between competence and morality are negatively correlated, which means the stereotypes of competence and morality are complementary. The utilitarianism and pragmatism explanations and the system justification theory are discussed. KeywordsStereotype, Stereotype Content Model, Complementary, The Rich and the Poor
Objectives This article assessed the balance between industry and drug policy objectives in the pharmaceutical sector in China. Methods The articles were mainly identified through databases such as Elsevier, Google Scholar, and SpringerLink, among others. Related articles were mainly separated into three categories: studies on drug policies, studies related to China's new health-care reform policy, and studies concerning patent policies. Results A relatively healthy environment for continuous innovation and drug patent protection in the pharmaceutical industry has been created in China, and the public's drug benefits have also significantly improved. However, the balance between industrial and drug policy objectives in the pharmaceutical sector in China requires additional attention. Discussion and conclusions The results suggest that the government should pay more attention to incentivizing enterprises' innovation, but the current Essential Medicines System in China has limited innovation. Hence, the mechanism for selecting essential medicines should be reformed, and certain appropriate and reasonably innovative medicines should be included. Additionally, medicine coverage, especially the coverage of essential drugs for primary care should be expanded to improve public health benefits. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical industry should be incorporated into the prospective National Drug Policy to achieve a balance between public benefits and pharmaceutical industry development in the future.
To investigate how the stereotypes of the rich and poor affect impression formation, a situational simulation questionnaire is conducted to 192 participants. The experiment is a univariate between-participant design. The independent variable is social group of the target person (rich vs. poor). The dependent variables are rating valence of target person on competence, warmth and moral dimensions. Results show that, by the same neutral behavior, the rich target person has been seen as high competence, mid warmth but low moral; the poor target person has been seen as low competence, mid warmth and mid moral. There is a negative correlation between competence, warmth and moral dimensions. Conclusion: The stereotypes of the rich and poor present complementary characteristics, which bias the impression formation process and affect the explanation and attitude on relevant social events.
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