Introducción. En este estudio se demuestra cómo el crecimiento del sector avícola está ligado a la producción de emisores contaminantes y enriquece la discusión acerca de la capacidad de recuperación ambiental que poseen los sistemas productivos. Objetivo. Detectar posibles factores que influencian la recuperación ambiental, y que permitan diseñar modelos productivos resilientes. Materiales y métodos. Aplicando el modelo de la curva ambiental de Kuznets, se analizó la relación existente entre las emisiones N2O, procedente de la gestión del estiércol avícola y la cantidad de producción del sector a nivel mundial, entre los años 1961 y 2014, identificando los países que cumplen con dicho modelo, el cual indica que a medida que aumenta la producción las emisiones tienden disminuir. Para ello, se utilizaron datos de la Faostat, Banco Mundial de Datos y la OCDE, los cuales fueron estudiados mediante análisis gráfico, modelo cuadrático y análisis factorial múltiple para datos mixtos, por medio el programa R Studio. Resultados. Los ingresos y el desarrollo económico, representado por medio de los países que pertenecen a la OCDE, es uno de los principales factores que explican la relación entre las emisiones y la productividad en países resilientes, o sea que presentaron una curva de Kuznets. Conclusiones. Estos resultados abren el debate sobre las condiciones particulares que hacen que este fenómeno se presente; una de éstas es el uso de tecnologías, las cuales aumentan la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos permitiendo, a su vez, minimizar las externalidades en los sistemas avícolas.
Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) in culture are a useful model for elucidating mammary gland metabolism and changes that occur under different nutrient disponibility. MECs were exposed to different treatments: 100% EAA for 8 h and 24 h restriction (R); 2% EAA for 8 h and 24 h R; 2% EAA for 8 h and 24 h + 100% EAA for 8 h and 24 h restriction + re-feeding (R + RF). Western blotting and protein quantification was performed. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) software identified the amino acids (AAs) and signaling pathways. The chi-squared test, multiple classification analysis, and analysis of variance were used for the purification and identification of data. Intracellular casein levels were not affected. The KEGG analysis revealed that the important pathways of metabolism of AAs, which were involved in processes related to metabolism and biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan (fumarate, acetyl-CoA, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle), were affected by both R and R + RF treatments, mainly through the glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase-2 enzyme. Additionally, metabolic processes mediated by the mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, and asparagine synthase proteins positively regulated the carbohydrate pathway, pyruvate, and TCA cycles, as well as the metabolism of alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism (carbohydrate and TCA cycle). We hypothesized that MECs have the capacity to utilize alternative pathways that ensure the availability of substrates for composing milk proteins.
Factors affecting the provision of rural direct technical assistance in technology transfer models based on a territorial approach Documento de reflexión no derivado de investigación
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