A method was suggested that attempts to distinguish between the underlying lactation curve, the effect of season of production, and the effect of time after conception. The composite function was shown to give a better fit than an incomplete gamma function. The estimated parameters of the underlying lactation curve were unaffected by season of calving whereas the parameters of the gamma function were not. Pregnancy started to affect yield 160 days after conception by -0·1 kg/day. The difference between the best season of production (May) and the worst (November) was around 5 kg.

Class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the chicken have been investigated by Southern blot analysis using human cDNA probes for DQ alpha, DQ beta, DR alpha, and DR beta. Both beta probes but not the alpha probes cross-hybridized well with chicken DNA. The results indicated that the beta probes hybridized with at least two beta genes in the chicken MHC and there was no clear indication of a DQ-DR subdivision of chicken class II beta genes. The possibility of using human beta probes for MHC typing in the chicken was tested by using two homozygous individuals for each of 20 different, serologically defined, MHC (B) haplotypes originating from the domestic breeds of White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red, or from Red Jungle Fowl (the wild ancestral form). Genomic DNA samples from these individuals were digested with any one of the Eco RI and Pvu II restriction enzymes and hybridized with the DR beta probe. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was obtained with Pvu II only, which resolved seven different RFLP types. There was an excellent correlation between these RFLP types and the serological B typing since the RFLP type was identical within each pair of homozygotes. In addition to this broad survey of many haplotypes, a more detailed comparison was carried out on B21-like haplotypes originating from different breeds. No differences in restriction fragment patterns among these haplotypes could be resolved using any of the restriction enzymes Bg1 II, Eco RI, Hind III, Pst I, Pvu II, and Taq I.

BackgroundTo decrease the morbidity burden of cardiovascular disease and to avoid the development of potentially preventable complications, early assessment and treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are important. The aim of this study has therefore been to explore the possible association between patients’ estimated intensity of chest pain when first seen by the ambulance crew in suspected ACS, and the subsequent outcome before and after arrival in hospital.MethodsData was collected both prospectively and retrospectively. The inclusion criteria were chest pain raising suspicion of ACS and a reported intensity of pain ≥4 on the visual analogue scale.ResultsAll in all, 1603 patients were included in the study. Increased intensity of chest pain was related to: 1) more heart-related complications before hospital admission; 2) a higher proportion of heart failure, anxiety and chest pain after hospital admission; 3) a higher proportion of acute myocardial infarction and 4) a prolonged hospitalisation. However, there was no significant association with mortality neither in 30 days nor in three years. Adjustment for possible confounders including age, a history of smoking and heart failure showed similar results.ConclusionThe estimated intensity of chest pain reported by the patients on admission by the ambulance team was associated with the risk of complications prior to hospital admission, heart failure, anxiety and chest pain after hospital admission, the final diagnosis and the number of days in hospital.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov 151:2008/4564 Identifier: NCT00792181. Registred 17 November 2008 ‘retrospectively registered’.

Appendix at www.tidsskriftet.no/ lundbergengappendiksThe article is based on a student assignment for medical studies at the University of Tromsø. MAIN MESSAGELess than half of all Norwegian maternity units had written routines for clamping of the umbilical cord.The timing of the clamping and practices for holding the child below the introitus appear to vary greatly.There is a need for national guidelines for clamping of the umbilical cord in neonates.BACKGROUND The timing and practice used for umbilical cord clamping of neonates are controversial internationally as well as in Norway. We therefore wished to investigate routines and practices for umbilical cord clamping of neonates in Norway.

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This study finds significant differences in hepatic fatty acid composition between four groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) consisting of offspring from families selected for high and low capacities to express the delta 6 desaturase isomer b and fed diets with 10% or 75% fish oil. The results demonstrated that hepatic lipid metabolism was affected by experimental conditions (diet/family). The fatty acid composition in the four groups mirrored the differences in dietary composition, but it was also associated with the family groups. Small RNA sequencing followed by RT‐qPCR identified 12 differentially expressed microRNAs (DE miRNAs), with expression associated with family groups (miR‐146 family members, miR‐200b, miR‐214, miR‐221, miR‐125, miR‐135, miR‐137, miR_nov_1), diets (miR‐203, miR‐462) or both conditions. All the conserved DE miRNAs have been reported as associated with lipid metabolism in other vertebrates. In silico predictions revealed 37 lipid metabolism pathway genes, including desaturases, transcription factors and key enzymes in the synthesis pathways as putative targets (e.g., srebp‐1 and 2, Δ6fad_b and c, hmdh, elovl4 and 5b, cdc42). RT‐qPCR analysis of selected target genes showed expression changes that were associated with diet and with family groups (d5fad, d6fad_a, srebp‐1). There was a reciprocal difference in the abundance of ssa‐miR‐203a‐3p and srebp‐1 in one group comparison, whereas other predicted targets did not reveal any evidence of being negatively regulated by degradation. More experimental studies are needed to validate and fully understand the predicted interactions and how the DE miRNAs may participate in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism.

Intersectionality is a commonly used perspective in issues regarding social inequality and injustice in several fields, and has also been introduced in disability studies. In legal systems, social inequality and rule of law are closely connected. The court is an arena that is known both to produce and reproduce social inequality. The purpose of this article is to raise and discuss the question of how intersectionality may serve as a productive theoretical approach in research on disability and rule of law. We discuss in what ways intersectionality as a perspective may contribute to rule of law for disabled people in Western legal systems. Our intention is to investigate the potential of intersectionality as a sensitizing perspective within a process-oriented model for analytical sensibility. Intersectionality as a perspective in relation to disability and rule of law is explored with categorization and gender in focus.

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