Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is an energy source with worldwide steady growth: natural gas supply, as gas demand, is expected to grow in the near future. LNG is stored in tanks at pressure slightly higher than the atmospheric value and at its boiling point. Despite the high degree of insulation in the tank walls, it is impossible to avoid a net input heat transfer from the surroundings, so that vaporization is always present. It causes an increase in the pressure of the tank and a consequent boiloff in order to avoid overpressure. The change in composition and density of the liquid phase is called LNG aging or weathering. This phenomenon has been studied in order to obtain a model that can predict the variations that occur in the tank over time. Unlike other previously developed models, the proposed model does not require knowledge of the boiloff rate; instead, it calculates the rate directly from the heat flow to the tank. As a consequence, from a comparison with experimental data, it is proved that a more reliable representation of the phenomenon can be obtained
The moral foreign language effect (MFLE) describes how people’s decisions may change when a moral dilemma is presented in either their native (NL) or foreign language (FL). Growing attention is being directed to unpacking what aspects of bilingualism may influence the MFLE, though with mixed or inconclusive results. The current study aims to bridge this gap by adopting a conceptualization of bilingualism that frames this construct as a composite and continuous measure. In a between-group analysis, we asked 196 Italian–English bilinguals to perform a moral dilemmas task in either their NL (i.e., Italian) or FL (i.e., English). In a within-group analysis, we evaluated the effects of FL age of acquisition, FL proficiency, and language dominance – all measured as continuous variables – on moral decision-making. Overall, findings indicate that differences within bilinguals’ language experience impact moral decisions in an FL. However, the effect of the linguistic factors considered was not ubiquitous across dilemmas, and not always emerged into a MFLE. In light of these results, our study addresses the importance of treating bilingualism as multidimensional, rather than a unitary variable. It also discusses the need to reconceptualize the FLE and its implications on moral decision-making.
This article was originally published with an error in Figure 1. In the first version of the article, the participants' responses in each language condition had mistakenly been switched. This error has now been corrected in the article and this corrigendum published. The updated figure is below.
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