RESUMO Justificativa e objetivos:A violência sexual infantil é uma das causas de maior morbidade e mortalidade infantil no Brasil e no mundo, onde foi reconhecida como crime desde a década de 80, a partir da Constituição e Estatuto da criança e do adolescente. Considerada uma experiência traumática na infância ou adolescência que reflete em atos para toda vida, tanto físicos como psicológicos, visto pela sociedade como agentes transgressores dos direitos da infância. Este estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar o perfil da violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes no estado Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: Trata se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, com dados coletados de base de dados secundária (DATASUS), no período de 2011 a 2015. Resultados: Os resultados mostram que as vítimas mais vulneráveis estão entre os 5 e 9 anos (30,64%) e 10 a 14 anos (39,35%), predominantemente no sexo feminino. Os perfis de agressores que se destacaram foram os amigos/conhecidos e familiares como pai e padrasto, sendo a casa das vítimas o local de ocorrência que mais evidenciou. Conclusão: Isso mostra que deve ser melhorada a notificação destes casos, para que se possa gerar punição aos agressores e mais proteção às crianças e adolescentes do estado.DESCRITORES: violência sexual, abuso sexual de crianças e adolescentes e notificações de abuso. ABSTRACT: Background and objectives:Child sexual abuse is a cause of increased morbidity and mortality in Brazil and worldwide, which was recognized as a crime since the 80's, from the Constitution and Statute child and adolescent. Considered a traumatic experience in childhood or
Children drown while trying to catch toys in swimming pools. This study examined children's behaviour and parent's estimation of children's capabilities, in a task of retrieving a toy out of the water. Seventy six parents of 1 to 4 year-olds estimated their child's action limits before children tried to reach the toy. Absolute error, error tendency, accuracy of predicted behaviour and the action modes used for reaching, were analyzed. The influence of the child's and the parent's gender, and several predictors for real and estimated maximum reachability were investigated. Absolute error ranged from 0 to 30 cm (M=8.49, SD=7.03) and no gender effects were detected. More than 50% of parents underestimated their child's reachability. Mothers had a greater frequency of accurate estimations than fathers (33% vs 10%) but their mean absolute error was identical. Nearly 80% of the parents correctly predicted their child's behaviour when the toy was unreachable. Most children (78%) sat to retrieve the toy out of the water, and 70% fell in while attempting to grasp beyond their reaching limits. Height and sitting height were the best predictors of maximum reachability (R2=.469), and the sitting height was a predictor of estimated maximum reachability (R2=.209). Parents were cautious in predicting their child's maximum reachability. Mothers' greater involvement with children in younger ages might explain their higher rate of adjusted estimations. Body dimensions and proportions had a limited effect in predicting children's capabilities.
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