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Harmonia axyridis is an exotic species that can cause serious impacts on native biodiversity in areas where it is introduced to act as a biological control agent. This predator is often involved with intraguild predation, in most cases with aphids predators. Here, we report the results of experiments designed to understand the outcome of the invasion of H. axyridis on native coccinellid aphidophagous guilds using intraguild predation as a theoretical framework. Tests were conducted to determine the interactions between 1st and 4th instars larvae and H. axyridis adults, with Cycloneda sanguinea, Cycloneda pulchella, Eriopis connexa and Hippodamia convergens larvae, as well as eggs predation rate. Two treatments were used: absence and presence of food, Cinara atlantica. The results showed that 1st and 4th instars larvae and H. axyridis adults are able to prey on larvae and eggs of four Coccinellidae species analyzed, and also their own eggs, showing that this exotic species is a dominant predator in this guild of aphidophagous coccinellids. Adding to these results, studies are recommended, especially the monitoring of these species in the field in the long run, reporting their abundance and diversity as well as their behavior and impact within aphidophagous guilds, especially in Coccinellidae species.
Biological control is an important component in the integrated management of pests. It is used to reduce or mitigate pests and it has been the focus of discussions for a long time. Hundreds of species of natural enemies were introduced, resulting in the successful control of various pests. However, the ecological processes involved for its success are generally very complex. In this way, this review focused on all the process of introducing species of arthropods as biological control agents and how they can affect the environment. The evaluation of environmental risk is the most critical and difficult part of the procedures and should contain some elements such as the identification of potential risks to which the environment will be exposed. The problems caused by the invasion of exotic species have increased and the high frequency of invasion is associated in large part with human activities, such as accidental transport and introduction. All these questions should be analysed based on rigorous studies and risk analysis, in which ecological interactions, competition, intraguild predation, and the effects of introduction on non-target organisms as well are considered.
Chnoodes Chevrolat, 1849 currently has 32 species described in South and Central America, with only one species, Chnoodes centralis Sicard, 1912 described from French Guiana. Here, C. centralis is redescribed and five new species are described: C. brulei sp. nov. (holotype male: Commune de Roura, Montagne des Chevaux), C. rubra sp. nov. (holotype male: Commune de Roura, Montagne des Chevaux), C. cerasus sp. nov. (holotype male: Commune de Roura, Montagne des Chevaux), C. tristis sp. nov. (holotype male: Commune de Kourou, Savane des Pères) and C. melanus sp. nov. (holotype male: Commune de Régina, Réserve Naturelle des Nouragues). These species can be distinguished by body color, presence or absence of spots on the pronotum and elytra, and by male and female genitalia. A distribution map and a key for the species in French Guiana are provided.
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