Chitosan amphiphiles self‐assemble into nanoparticles that are used for drug delivery. These chitosan amphiphile nanoparticles significantly enhance the oral absorption of hydrophobic drugs such as cyclosporine A for example.
Advances
in water treatment technologies paired with potential
restrictions on oil and gas (O&G) produced water disposal could
incentivize the beneficial reuse of treated produced water in the
O&G industry. However, the remote nature of O&G operations
limits the applicability of many of these solutions, which may be
spatially inefficient, require operator supervision, or are ill-suited
for the complex nature of produced water. Furthermore, the responsible,
sustainable reuse of produced water as an alternative water source
requires standardized analytical techniques for characterizing and
determining the toxicity of treated produced water and improving our
understanding of the fate and transport of various constituents. In
the past decade, we made little progress in economically treating
produced water for beneficial reuse outside of oilfield operations;
the sole major breakthrough has been in the development of salt-tolerant
fracturing chemicals that allow for reuse of produced water for fracking
operations. Guided research should assist in the development of fit-for-purpose
solutions to maximize the reuse of treated produced water. This is
exemplified by the case studies presented here that detail currently
operating treatment facilities for reclamation and reuse of produced
water.
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