As companies continue to expand abroad, there remains a paramount challenge of ensuring strategic control to meet company standards and goals and to coordinate global operations. Traditionally, such control has been maintained by sending tried and true managers from company headquarters as expatriates to head up foreign operations. But in the face of this costly traditional approach for leadership staffing in foreign operations, there is increased awareness among multinational firms that their potential leadership talent is not restricted by their headquarters' national boundaries. MNCs are increasingly looking to their employees worldwide as a viable source of future talent for leadership staffing throughout their global operations. The results of field interviews with local leaders of American firm subsidiaries located in Singapore, India, and Hong Kong revealed four key local leadership development approaches: reinforcing a company culture of leadership development, identifying and codifying leadership talent, enhancing high potentials' visibility, and developing pervasive mentoring relationships. The cases examined here show that talent identification and development are essential elements of an effective long‐term talent management strategy that should be ingrained within a company's deep cultural values and priorities, as well as reinforced by performance evaluation and reward systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
This research defines the basis for a new quantitative approach for retrieving useful analogies for innovation based on the relevant performance characteristics of functions. The concept of critical functionality is the idea of identifying only a certain set of pertinent design functions observed in a single domain that significantly define the functionality of the product. A critical function (CF) is a function within a functional model whose performance directly relates to a key performance parameter (KPP) of the system as a whole. These CFs will enable multiple analogies to be presented to a designer by recognizing similar functionality across distant design domains and incorporating key performance criteria. The ultimate focus of this research project is to create a performance-metric-based analogy library, called the design analogy performance parameter system (DAPPS). By focusing on a select set of “critical” functions, more design domains can be included in the database facilitating analogy retrieval founded on the qualification of KPPs.
In this paper, we explore the topic of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D-printing. This is a low-cost additive manufacturing technology which is typically embodied in consumer-grade desktop 3D printers capable of producing useful parts, structures, and mechanical assemblies. The primary goal of our investigation is to produce an understanding of this process which can be employed to produce high-quality, functional engineered parts and prototypes. By developing this understanding, we create a resource which may be turned to by both researchers in the field of manufacturing science, and industrial professionals who are either considering the use of FFF-enabled technologies such as 3D printing, or those who have already entered production and are optimizing their fabrication process. In order to paint a cohesive picture for these readers, we examine several topic areas. We begin with an overview of the FFF process, its key hardware and software components, and the interrelationships between these components and the designer. With this basis, we then proceed to outline a set of design principles which facilitate the production of high quality printed parts, and discuss the selection of appropriate materials. Following naturally from this, we turn to the question of feedstock materials for FFF, and give advice for their selection and use. We then turn to the subject of the as-printed properties of FFF parts and the strong non-isotropic response that they exhibit. We discuss the root causes of this behavior and means by which its deleterious effects may be mitigated. We conclude by discussing a mixed numerical/experimental technique which we believe will enable the accurate characterization of FFF parts and structures, and greatly enhance the utility of this additive manufacturing technology. By formalizing and discussing these topics, we hope to motivate and enable the serious use of low-cost FFF 3D printing for both research and industrial applications.
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