After every emergency exercise or actual incident, reports are circulated that usually identify lessons that have been learned from the event. This paper identifies recurring themes from the lessons learned that can be widely applied across sectors. Typically, lessons are expressed in a form that is specific to the actual event that has transpired, the sector in which it has occurred, and the aims of the reporting organization. Reports relating to seven incidents that have occurred in the United Kingdom and internationally, from a range of sectors and with varying parameters, have been reviewed. It is concluded that organizations can become wiser by looking at incidents outside their own sector and by using these recurring themes to explore the resilience of their emergency plans. Recommendations are also made for best practices to improve the learning of lessons within organizations.
In hydrothermal reactions of lime and quartz with water or aqueous NaOH at 150 "C or 180 "C and Ca: Si = 0.83, the rate of reaction of the quartz increases with NaOH concentration. At 180 "C and Ca: Si = 0.83, the conversion into tobermorite of the semicrystalline calcium hydrosilicate initially formed occurs more slowly at NaOH concentrations of 0.15-2.00 M (NaOH: SiOz = 0.05 to 0.63) than in water or 5 M-NaOH. With long reaction times at 180 "C and Ca: Si = 0.83, increasing NaOH concentration causes pectolite to replace xonotlite as the main product. At very low water contents, NaCaHSi04 is formed; this compound is conveniently made by grinding together solid NaOH, Ca(OH), and quartz in normally humid air and heating the mixture in a closed vessel at 180 "C.
An exercise in logicCadmium(II) and mercury(II) can be determined by reaction with excess of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and back-titration with standard zinc(II) solution, followed by masking of the mercury(II), e.g. with iodide (1), and continued back-titration of the released EDTA. The principle of the method is illustrated in Figure 1. These reactions are of interest in the undergraduate analytical laboratory since they demonstrate the use of masking to obtain selectivity in complexometry, and particularly since experimental results agree most impressively with the theoretical predictions from the "conditional" ("apparent," "effective") stability constants, a concept introduced by Schwarzenbach (2) and developed by Ringbom (3,4).
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