We consider the complexity (in terms of the arithmetical hierarchy) of the various quantifier levels of the diagram of a computably presented metric structure. As the truth value of a sentence of continuous logic may be any real in [0, 1], we introduce two kinds of diagrams at each level: the closed diagram, which encapsulates weak inequalities of the form φ M ≤ r, and the open diagram, which encapsulates strict inequalities of the form φ M < r. We show that the closed and open Σ N diagrams are Π 0 N+1 and Σ N respectively, and that the closed and open Π N diagrams are Π 0 N and Σ 0 N+1 respectively. We then introduce effective infinitary formulas of continuous logic and extend our results to the hyperarithmetical hierarchy. Finally, we demonstrate that our results are optimal.
The Kaczmarz algorithm is an iterative method to reconstruct an unknown vector f from inner products f, ϕ n . We consider the problem of how additive noise affects the reconstruction under the assumption that {ϕ n } form a stationary sequence. Unlike other reconstruction methods, such as frame reconstructions, the Kaczmarz reconstruction is unstable in the presence of noise. We show, however, that the reconstruction can be stabilized by relaxing the Kaczmarz algorithm; this relaxation corresponds to Abel summation when viewed as a reconstruction on the unit disc. We show, moreover, that for certain noise profiles, such as those that lie in H ∞ (D) or certain subspaces of H 2 (D), the relaxed version of the Kaczmarz algorithm can fully remove the corruption by noise in the inner products. Using the spectral representation of stationary sequences, we show that our relaxed version of the Kaczmarz algorithm also stabilizes the reconstruction of Fourier series expansions in L 2 (µ) when µ is singular.
Catch Me If You Can (2002)
USA Director Steven Spielberg Runtime 140 minutes
The Greatest Showman (2017)
USA Director Michael Gracey Runtime 105 minutes
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